Systems, Apparatus, Methods and Procedures for the Noninvasive Treatment of Tissue Using Microwave Energy

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to systems, apparatus, methods and procedures for the noninvasive treatment of tissue using microwave energy. In one embodiment of the invention a medical device and associated apparatus and procedures are used to treat dermatological conditions using microwave energy.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present application relates to methods, apparatuses and systems fornon-invasive delivery of microwave therapy. In particular, the presentapplication relates to methods, apparatuses and systems fornon-invasively delivering energy, such as, for example, microwaveenergy, to the epidermal, dermal and sub-dermal tissue of a patient toachieve various therapeutic and/or aesthetic results.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

It is known that energy-based therapies can be applied to tissuethroughout the body to achieve numerous therapeutic and/or aestheticresults. There remains a continual need to improve on the effectivenessof these energy-based therapies and provide enhanced therapeutic resultswith minimal adverse side effects or discomfort.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be understood from the following detailed descriptionof preferred embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a system including a generator, applicatorand the disposable according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an applicator and the disposableaccording to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is an end on view of the distal end of the applicator and thedisposable illustrated in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of the applicator and thedisposable illustrated in FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the disposable according to oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a cutaway view along E-E of the disposable illustrated in FIG.5.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an antenna cradle according to oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a cutaway view along K-K of the antenna cradle illustrated inFIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of an antenna array and the disposableaccording to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 is a cutaway view along A-A of the antenna array and thedisposable illustrated in FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a cutaway view along B-B of the antenna array and thedisposable illustrated in FIG. 9.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an antenna array according to oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 13 is a cutaway view along C-C of the antenna array illustrated inFIG. 12.

FIG. 14 is a cutaway view along D-D of the antenna array illustrated inFIG. 12.

FIG. 15 is a cutaway view along C-C of the distal portion of the antennaarray illustrated in FIG. 12.

FIG. 16 illustrates a cooling plate and thermocouples according to oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 17 is a cutaway view along J-J of a portion of the cooling plateand thermocouples illustrated in FIG. 16.

FIG. 18 is a cutaway view along J-J of a portion of the cooling plateand thermocouples illustrated in FIG. 16.

FIG. 19 is a perspective end view of an antenna array, coolant chamber,separation ribs and scattering elements according to one embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 20 is an end view of the antenna array, coolant chamber, separationribs and scattering elements illustrated in FIG. 19.

FIG. 21 is a perspective view of an applicator and disposable accordingto one embodiment of the invention

FIG. 22 is an end on view of the distal end of the applicator and thedisposable illustrated in FIG. 21.

FIG. 23 is an exploded perspective view of the applicator illustrated inFIG. 21.

FIG. 24 is a cutaway view of the applicator illustrated in FIG. 21.

FIG. 25 is a view of the distal end of a the disposable according to oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 26 is a view of the proximal side of the disposable illustrated inFIG. 25.

FIG. 27 is a view of a first section of the proximal side of thedisposable illustrated in FIG. 26.

FIG. 28 is a view of a second section of the proximal side of thedisposable illustrated in FIG. 26.

FIG. 29 is a cutaway view along H-H of the disposable illustrated inFIG. 25.

FIG. 30 is a view of a section of the disposable illustrated in FIG. 29.

FIG. 30A is a view of a section of the disposable illustrated in FIG. 29according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 30B is a view of a section of the disposable illustrated in FIG. 29according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 31 is a perspective view of an antenna cradle according to oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 32 is a perspective cutaway view along F-F of the antenna cradleillustrated in FIG. 31.

FIG. 33 is a side cutaway view along F-F of the antenna cradleillustrated in FIG. 31.

FIG. 34 is a perspective cutaway view along I-I of a section of theantenna cradle illustrated in FIG. 31.

FIG. 35 is a perspective view of an antenna array according to oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 36 is a cutaway view along I-I of the antenna array illustrated inFIG. 35.

FIG. 37 is a view of a first section of the cutaway view of the antennaarray illustrated in FIG. 36.

FIG. 38 is a perspective view of a second section of the cutaway view ofthe antenna array illustrated in FIG. 36.

FIG. 39 is a view of a third section of the cutaway view of the antennaarray illustrated in FIG. 36.

FIG. 40 is an end view of the antenna array illustrated in FIG. 35without a cooling plate.

FIG. 41 is a perspective view of a waveguide assembly according to oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 42 is a side view of the waveguide assembly illustrated in FIG. 41.

FIG. 43 is a cutaway view along G-G of the waveguide assemblyillustrated in FIG. 41.

FIG. 44 is a view of a section of cutaway view of the waveguide assemblyillustrated in FIG. 43.

FIG. 45 is a side view of an alternate embodiment of a waveguideassembly according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 46 is a cutaway view of the waveguide assembly illustrated in FIG.45.

FIG. 47 is a schematic diagram of a system according to one embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 48 is a schematic diagram of a microwave chain according to oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 49 is a schematic diagram of a controller according to oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 50 is a schematic diagram of a back panel according to oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 51 is a schematic diagram of a front panel according to oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 52 is a schematic diagram of vacuum source according to oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 53 is a schematic diagram of a microwave control circuit accordingto one embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 54 to 58 are schematic diagrams of a patient positioning apparatusaccording to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 59 is a schematic diagram of a treatment template according to oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 60 is simplified cutaway view of a medical treatment device withtissue engaged according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 61 illustrates a tissue profile and simplified view of a medicaltreatment device according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 62 illustrates a tissue profile and simplified view of a medicaltreatment device according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 63 illustrates a tissue profile and simplified view of a medicaltreatment device according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 64 illustrates a tissue profile simplified view of a medicaltreatment device according to one embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Although the disclosure hereof is detailed and exact to enable thoseskilled in the art to practice the invention, the physical embodimentsherein disclosed merely exemplify the invention which may be embodied inother specific structures. While the preferred embodiment has beendescribed, the details may be changed without departing from theinvention, which is defined by the claims.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a system 2309 including a generator 2301,applicator 2320 (which may also be referred to as re-usable) anddisposable 2363 according to one embodiment of the invention. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention generator 2301 will operate in theISM band of 5.775 to 5.825 GHz. According to one embodiment of theinvention generator 2301 includes circuitry for setting and controllingoutput power; measuring forward and reverse power and setting alarms.According to one embodiment of the invention generator 2301 may have aFrequency centered at 5.8 GHz. According to one embodiment of theinvention generator 2301 may have a power output of between 40 and 100Watts measured into a 50 ohm load. According to one embodiment of theinvention generator 2301 may have a power accuracy of plus or minus 3Watts. According to one embodiment of the invention disposable 2363 andapplicator 2320 may be formed into two separable units. According to oneembodiment of the invention disposable 2363 and applicator 2320 may beformed into a single unit. According to one embodiment of the inventionwhen combined disposable 2363 and applicator 2320 may form a medicaltreatment device 2300. According to one embodiment of the inventiongenerator 2301 may be a microwave generator. According to one embodimentof the invention may be a disposable 2363 tissue head. According to oneembodiment of the invention in system 2309 applicator 2320 may beconnected to generator 2301 by applicator cable 2334. According to oneembodiment of the invention in system 2309 applicator cable 2334 mayinclude coolant conduit 2324, energy cable 2322, coolant thermocouplewires 2331, cooling plate thermocouple wires 2330 and antenna switchsignal 2481. According to one embodiment of the invention in system 2309coolant conduit 2324 may be connected to a coolant source 2310 (whichmay be, for example, a Nanotherm industrial recirculation chiller with 8psi pump available from ThermoTek, Inc). According to one embodiment ofthe invention in system 2309 energy cable 2322 may be connected togenerator 2301 by microwave output connector 2443. According to oneembodiment of the invention in system 2309 antenna switch signal 2481may be connected to generator 2301 by antenna switch connector 2480.According to one embodiment of the invention in system 2309 disposable2363 may be connected to generator 2301 by vacuum tubing 2319 which mayinclude generator bio-barrier 2317, which may be, for example, ahydrophobic filter. According to one embodiment of the invention insystem 2309 vacuum tubing 2319 may be connected to generator 2301 byvacuum port connector 2484. According to one embodiment of the inventionin system 2309 front panel 2305 of generator 2301 may include powercontrol knob 2454, vacuum control knob 2456, antenna select switch 2462(which may include both display elements and selection switches), vacuummeter 2486, antenna temperature display 2458, coolant temperaturedisplay 2460, pre-cool timer 2468 (which may include both displayelements and time set elements), energy timer 2470 (which may includeboth display elements and time set elements) and post-cool timer 2472(which may include both display elements and time set elements).According to one embodiment of the invention an error signal is sent tocontroller 2302 of generator 2301 if a measured signal is outside of thespecification for the requested power set by the power control knob 2454on front panel 2305. According to one embodiment of the invention anerror signal is sent to controller 2302 if the measured reverse power isgreater than a preset limit on measured reverse power. According to oneembodiment of the invention an error signal is sent to controller 2302if the measured reverse power is greater than approximately twenty-fivewatts. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum tube 2319 mayinclude a flexible vacuum hose 2329 and a generator bio-barrier 2317.According to one embodiment of the invention flexible vacuum hose 2329is adapted to collect fluids, such as, for example sweat or blood, whichmay escape disposable 2363 so that such fluids do not reach generator2301. According to one embodiment of the invention generator bio-barrier2317 may include a hydrophobic filter to keep fluids out of vacuum portconnector 2484 of generator 2301. According to one embodiment of theinvention generator bio-barrier 2317 may include a hydrophobic filter,such as, for example, a Millex FH Filter made of 0.45 micrometerhydrophobic PTFE which is available from Milipore. According to oneembodiment of the invention generator bio-barrier 2317 may be positionedin the flexible hose. According to one embodiment of the inventionapplicator cable 2334 may connect generator 2301 to applicator 2320.According to one embodiment of the invention applicator cable 2334 mayinclude a coolant conduit 2324, energy cable 2322, antenna switch signal2481, cooling plate thermocouple wires 2330 and coolant thermocouplewires 2331. According to one embodiment of the invention applicatorcable 2334 may further include a thermocouple array cable. According toone embodiment of the invention coolant conduit 2324 may convey coolingfluid from a coolant source 2310 to applicator 2320. According to oneembodiment of the invention applicator cable 2334 may convey microwaveswitch selection data to applicator 2320 and temperature data fromthermocouples in applicator 2320 to generator 2301. According to oneembodiment of the invention applicator cable 2334 may comprise one ormore separate cables and connectors. According to one embodiment of theinvention a generator connector may be designed and adapted to connectapplicator cable 2334 to the generator 2301, including connections forthe cooling fluid conduit, antenna switch control, thermocouples andmain microwave connector.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of applicator 2320 and disposable 2363according to one embodiment of the invention. According to oneembodiment of the invention applicator 2320 may be attached todisposable 2363 by latching mechanism 2365. According to one embodimentof the invention applicator 2320 may include applicator cable 2334.According to one embodiment of the invention disposable 2363 may includevacuum tubing 2319, tissue chamber 2338 and tissue interface surface2336. According to one embodiment of the invention tissue chamber 2338may be a cavity where target tissue may be localized for focusedtreatment. According to one embodiment of the invention tissue interfacesurface 2336 may include tissue bio-barrier 2337, vacuum ports 2342 andvacuum channel 2350. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuumports 2342 may be positioned around an outer edge of tissue interfacesurface 2336. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum ports2342 may be arranged to be substantially equidistant from each other.According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum ports 2342 may bearranged evenly around the interface surface. According to oneembodiment of the invention vacuum ports 2342 may surround tissuebio-barrier. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum ports2342 may be positioned a predetermined distance from the chamber walls2354. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum ports 2342 mayhave a total opening area and positioning sufficient to acquire and holdtissue in tissue chamber 2338. According to one embodiment of theinvention vacuum ports 2342 may be evenly distributed around tissuechamber 2338 to facilitate the equal acquisition of tissue across tissuechamber 2338. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum ports2342 may be symmetrically distributed around tissue chamber 2338 tofacilitate the symmetrical acquisition of tissue. According to oneembodiment of the invention there may be, for example, approximately 28vacuum ports 2342 in tissue interface surface 2336. According to oneembodiment of the invention vacuum ports 2342 may contact vacuum channel2350. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum ports 2342connect tissue chamber 2338 to a vacuum circuit 2341. According to oneembodiment of the invention vacuum channel 2350 may be positioned aroundtissue bio-barrier 2337 in flow contact with at least one of the vacuumports 2342. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum channel2350 assists in holding the tissue in place when the vacuum pressure isapplied. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum channel2350 assists in creating suction marks on the patients skin (suchsuction marks may be referred to as hickey marks). According to oneembodiment of the invention suction marks may be used by a physician oruser to identify regions which have been treated. According to oneembodiment of the invention laser or other light sources integrated intothe disposable 2363 may be used to provide the user with a guide toindicate the treatment region before the applicator is applied totissue. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum circuit 2341may split the vacuum pressure applied through, for example vacuum tubing2319, between tissue chamber 2338 applicator chamber 2346. According toone embodiment of the invention vacuum circuit 2341 may be adapted toequalize air pressure on either side of tissue bio-barrier while orinhibiting the movement of fluids from tissue chamber 2338 intoapplicator chamber 2346. According to one embodiment of the inventionvacuum channels 2350 in tissue interface surface 2336 may assist inholding tissue and preventing tissue from peeling away from tissueinterface surface 2336 during treatment. According to one embodiment ofthe invention vacuum sounds in tissue chamber 2338 may provide the userwith an audio indication of proper tissue acquisition. According to oneembodiment of the invention so long as the user is able to hear vacuumsounds, the tissue is not positioned properly in tissue chamber 2338.

FIG. 3 is an end on view of the distal end of applicator 2320 anddisposable 2363 illustrated in FIG. 2. According to one embodiment ofthe invention disposable 2363 may include tissue bio-barrier 2337, whichmay be, for example, a flexible film. According to one embodiment of theinvention disposable 2363 may include tissue bio-barrier 2337, which maybe, for example, a polyethylene film. According to one embodiment of theinvention applicator 2320 may include cooling plate 2340, which may be,for example, positioned behind bio-barrier 2337. According to oneembodiment of the invention disposable 2363 may include vacuum ports2342 and vacuum channels 2350. According to one embodiment of theinvention vacuum ports 2342 may be, for example, holes in the distal endof disposable 2363 which may be connected directly or indirectly tovacuum tubing 2319 and to vacuum channels 2350, which may be formed bygrooves in disposable 2363. According to one embodiment of the inventiondisposable 2363 may include a chamber opening 2339. According to oneembodiment of the invention chamber opening 2339 may be oval shaped.According to one embodiment of the invention chamber opening 2339 may beapproximately 35 millimeters wide by 50 millimeters long. According toone embodiment of the invention tissue chamber 2338 may be approximately7 millimeters deep.

According to one embodiment of the invention tissue bio-barrier 2337 maybe positioned to provide a seal when disposable 2363 is attached toapplicator 2320. According to one embodiment of the invention tissuebio-barrier 2337 may be adapted to prevent skin and any bodily fluids onskin from contacting applicator 2320 including cooling plate 2340.According to one embodiment of the invention tissue bio-barrier 2337 maybe positioned to stretch across cooling plate 2340 as disposable 2363 isattached to applicator 2320. According to one embodiment of theinvention tissue bio-barrier 2337 is designed, at least in part, tominimize the loss of thermal conductivity of the combined cooling plate2340/tissue bio-barrier 2337 combination. According to one embodiment ofthe invention tissue bio-barrier 2337 may be a flexible film having athickness of approximately 0.0005 inches and may vary betweenapproximately 0.0001 inches and approximately 0.030 inches. According toone embodiment of the invention tissue bio-barrier 2337 may beimpermeable to fluid and substantially impermeable to air. According toone embodiment of the invention tissue bio-barrier 2337 may be adielectric material which may be substantially transparent to microwaveenergy. According to one embodiment of the invention tissue bio-barrier2337 may be a material which does not perturb microwave fields passingthrough tissue bio-barrier 2337. According to one embodiment of theinvention tissue bio-barrier 2337 may be a low loss material. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention tissue bio-barrier 2337 may have adielectric constant of between two and 15 and preferably between 3 and3.5. According to one embodiment of the invention tissue bio-barrier2337 may have a Young's Modulus of between approximately 0.1 GPa andapproximately 5 GPa. According to one embodiment of the invention tissuebio-barrier 2337 may have a Young's Modulus of between approximately 0.1and approximately 3.1 GPa. According to one embodiment of the inventiontissue bio-barrier 2337 may have a Young's Modulus of betweenapproximately 0.1 and 1.5 GPa. According to one embodiment of theinvention tissue bio-barrier 2337 may be a flexible film, such aspolyethylene or PET which may form all or a portion of tissue interfacesurface 2336. According to one embodiment of the invention tissuebio-barrier 2337 may be a rigid, solid ceramic material with a highthermal conductivity at room temperature of between approximately onewatt per meter degree Kelvin and approximately 100 watts per meterdegree Kelvin TS. In an alternate embodiment, tissue bio-barrier 2337may be a rigid, solid ceramic material with a high thermal conductivityat room temperature of between approximately one watt per meter degreeKelvin and approximately 100 watts per meter degree Kelvin TS. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention a rigid tissue bio-barrier 2337 mayeliminate the need for the vacuum circuit 2341 in applicator 2320.According to one embodiment of the invention a solid ceramic tissuebio-barrier 2337 may have a microwave permittivity selected for use at5.8 GHz. According to one embodiment of the invention a rigid tissuebio-barrier 2337 may consist of a material with a dielectric constantthat matches or approximately matches the dielectric constant of coolingplate 2340, such as, for example a dielectric constant of approximately10. According to one embodiment of the invention materials suitable foruse as a rigid tissue bio-barrier may include materials having adielectric constant having values of between 1 and 80 may also beacceptable if the thickness of tissue bio-barrier 2337 is minimizedsufficiently to ensure that microwave transparency of tissue bio-barrier2337 is not impacted by the variation in dielectric constant. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention tissue bio-barrier 2337 may have athickness of less than approximately 0.001 inches to maximize microwavetransparency. According to one embodiment of the invention a rigidtissue bio-barrier 2337 may consist of a material with a dielectricconstant that does not add an additional dielectric discontinuitybetween cooling plate 2340 and tissue engaged in tissue chamber 2338.According to one embodiment of the invention rigid tissue bio-barrier2337 may be chosen to minimize the overall effective thickness of thecooling plate bio-barrier combination According to one embodiment of theinvention a combined thickness of cooling plate 2340 and tissuebio-barrier 2337 may be chosen to minimize a reduction in peak SAR overa cooling plate 2340 alone. According to one embodiment of the inventiona combined thickness of cooling plate 2340 and tissue bio-barrier 2337may be chosen to be less than 0.018″ to minimize a reduction in peak SARover a cooling plate 2340 alone. According to one embodiment of theinvention a combined thickness of cooling plate 2340 and tissuebio-barrier 2337 may be chosen to be less than 0.020″ to minimize areduction in peak SAR over a cooling plate 2340 alone.

FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of applicator 2320 and disposable2363 illustrated in FIG. 2. According to one embodiment of theinvention, applicator 2320 may include a cooling plate 2340, which mayinclude one or more thermocouples attached to cooling plate thermocouplewires 2330. According to one embodiment of the invention applicator 2320may include separation ribs 2393, antenna cradle 2374, coolant supplytubing 2312, coolant return tubing 2313, waveguide antennas 2364(a-d),antenna switch 2357 and applicator cable 2334. According to oneembodiment of the invention, applicator cable 2334 may include antennaswitch signal 2481, energy cable 2322 and coolant conduit 2324.According to one embodiment of the invention applicator cable 2334 mayinclude cooling plate thermocouple wires 2330 and coolant thermocouplewires 2331. According to one embodiment of the invention, disposable2363 may include vacuum tubing 2319. According to one embodiment of theinvention energy cable 2322 (which may be referred to as microwavecable) conveys microwave energy from generator 2301 to applicator 2320.According to one embodiment of the invention energy cable 2322 conveysmicrowave energy to an antenna switch 2357 (which may be referred to asa microwave switch) in applicator 2320. According to one embodiment ofthe invention energy cable 2322 may be designed to match the output ofgenerator 2301 to applicator 2320 at the frequency of interest.According to one embodiment of the invention energy cable 2322 may bedesigned to match the output of generator 2301 to applicator 2320 at 5.8GHz. According to one embodiment of the invention energy cable 2322 hasless than 2 dB of loss into a 50 ohm load. According to one embodimentof the invention energy cable 2322 may be a six foot coaxial cable withless than 2 dB of loss. According to one embodiment of the inventionenergy cable 2322 may be a flexible cable to maximize the overallflexibility of applicator cable 2334. According to one embodiment of theinvention interconnect cables 2372 leading to waveguide antennas 2364 inantenna array 2355 are preferably balanced and matched such that theoutput of each waveguide antenna 2364 has the same power. According toone embodiment of the invention interconnect cables 2372 leading towaveguide antennas 2364 in antenna array 2355 are preferably balancedand matched such that the output of each waveguide antenna 2364 has thesame power by selecting appropriate lengths and cable types to ensurebalanced output between waveguide antennas 2364 and applicator 2320.According to one embodiment of the invention interconnect cables 2372leading to waveguide antennas 2364 are low loss coaxial cables.According to one embodiment of the invention interconnect cables 2372leading to waveguide antennas 2364 have losses of less than one dB.According to one embodiment of the invention variations in matching maybe compensated by adjusting generator output power or energy deliverytime. According to one embodiment of the invention antenna cradle 2374may include thermocouple guide holes (not shown), which may be sealed toallow thermocouple wires to pass inside the vacuum seal betweendisposable 2363 and applicator 2320 to prevent vacuum leaks. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention antenna cradle 2374 includes cradlechannels 2389 which cooling fluid passes through as part of the coolantcircuit. According to one embodiment of the invention alternativeantennas may include horn antennas, multi-dielectric fill waveguideantennas, slot antennas, micro-strip antennas, patch antennas andVivaldi antennas. According to one embodiment of the invention antennaswitch 2357 may be adapted to receive a microwave signal and controlsignals from the generator and, based upon the control signal received,switch the microwave signal between waveguide antennas 2364 in antennaarray 2355. According to one embodiment of the invention antenna switch2357 may be a electro-mechanical coaxial microwave relay, which may beavailable from, for example, RealComm Technologies. According to oneembodiment of the invention one or more of the antennas in applicator2320 may be activated (e.g. sequentially) via antenna select switches,such as for example antenna select switches which are part of antennaselect switch 2462 on generator 2301. According to one embodiment of theinvention antenna switch 2357 (which may be referred to as adistribution element) may be adapted to split power from energy cable2322 between waveguide antennas 2364 powering two or more of waveguideantennas 2364 simultaneously. According to one embodiment of theinvention antenna switch 2357 may be a power splitter adapted to splitmicrowave energy between one or more waveguide antennas 2364simultaneously. According to one embodiment of the invention energycable 2322 conveys microwave energy to antenna switch 2357. According toone embodiment of the invention feed cables convey microwave power fromantenna switch 2357 to individual waveguide antennas 2364. According toone embodiment of the invention cables used to convey microwave energymay be flexible low loss cables. According to one embodiment of theinvention cables used to convey microwave energy may have between zeroand 2 dB of loss at the frequency of interest. According to oneembodiment of the invention cables used to convey microwave energy mayhave between zero and 2 dB of loss at a frequency of approximately 5.8GHz. According to one embodiment of the invention cables used to conveymicrowave energy may have an impedance of approximately 50 ohms.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of disposable 2363 according to oneembodiment of the present invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention, disposable 2363 may include tissue bio-barrier 2337,applicator vacuum port 2327 and applicator chamber 2346, which may alsobe referred to as a re-usable chamber. According to one embodiment ofthe invention applicator chamber 2346 may be adapted to receive a distalend of applicator 2320, including cooling plate 2340. According to oneembodiment of the invention, disposable 2363 may include applicatorinterface 2344 (which may also be referred to as re-usable interface).According to one embodiment of the invention applicator interface 2344includes applicator chamber 2346, vacuum seal 2348, a compression ledge2325 and latching elements 2359. According to one embodiment of theinvention a applicator chamber 2346 may be adapted to receive the distalend of applicator 2320 and to facilitate engagement between the distalend of the applicator 2320 and tissue bio-barrier 2337. According to oneembodiment of the invention vacuum seal 2348 may be a gasket, which maybe arranged around the outside of the applicator chamber 2346 and may beadapted to engage the distal end of applicator 2320 to seal theapplicator chamber 2346 and prevent vacuum leaks when disposable 2363 isattached to applicator 2320. According to one embodiment of theinvention when engaged, vacuum seal 2348 may be compressed betweenapproximately twenty percent and approximately fifty percent to ensuregood vacuum seal and prevent vacuum leaks. According to one embodimentof the invention vacuum seal 2348 may be compressed a distancesufficient to ensure a good vacuum seal and prevent leaks. According toone embodiment of the invention compression ledge 2325 may be arrangedaround at least a portion of the applicator chamber 2346. According toone embodiment of the invention compression ledge 2325 may be arrangedand positioned to prevent the vacuum seal from being compressed beyond apredetermined point when disposable 2363 is attached to applicator 2320.According to one embodiment of the invention compression ledge 2325 maybe arranged and positioned to prevent the vacuum seal from beingcompressed beyond twenty percent when disposable 2363 is attached toapplicator 2320. According to one embodiment of the inventioncompression ledge 2325 may be arranged and positioned to prevent thevacuum seal from being compressed beyond fifty percent when disposable2363 is attached to applicator 2320. According to one embodiment of theinvention latching elements 2359 may be adapted to facilitate engagementbetween disposable 2363 and applicator 2320. According to one embodimentof the invention latching elements 2359 on disposable 2363 may be latchkeepers, adapted to engage latches on applicator 2320.

FIG. 6 is a cutaway view of disposable 2363 along E-E in FIG. 5.According to one embodiment of the invention, disposable 2363 includestissue interface surface 2336, tissue chamber 2338, tissue bio-barrier2337, applicator chamber 2346, chamber wall 2354 and vacuum ports 2342.According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum ports 2342 may beconnected to a vacuum circuit 2341 which may be connected to applicatorchamber 2346 by applicator vacuum port 2327 and to a source of vacuumpressure (not shown) by vacuum connector 2328. According to oneembodiment of the invention chamber walls 2354 may be transparent ortranslucent to allow a physician or other user to see into tissuechamber 2338 and to confirm tissue acquisition.

According to one embodiment of the invention chamber walls 2354 may forman angle of between approximately 5 and 20 degrees with tissue interfacesurface 2336. According to one embodiment of the invention chamber walls2354 may form an angle of approximately twenty degrees with tissueinterface surface 2336. According to one embodiment of the inventionchamber walls 2354 may be formed of a rigid polycarbonate or plasticmaterial. According to one embodiment of the invention chamber walls2354 may be coated with a thin layer of lubricant, such as, for example,silicone oil, Teflon, paralene or other suitable coating material toease acquisition of tissue. According to one embodiment of the inventiontissue interface surface 2336 may be coated with a thin layer oflubricant, such as, for example, silicone oil, Teflon, paralene or othersuitable coating material to ease acquisition of tissue. According toone embodiment of the invention surface coatings, such as, for examplesilicone oil, Teflon, paralene or other suitable coating materialapplied to tissue chamber 2338, including waveguide walls 2366 andtissue interface surface 2336, facilitate the easy acquisition of tissueand prevent tissue from shifting as it is being acquired. According toone embodiment of the invention waveguide walls 2366 may consist ofwaveguide tubing with a short at one end or direct plating of thedielectric fill material. According to one embodiment of the inventionwaveguide walls 2366 may have a thickness of at least 5 times theelectric skin depth of the material making up waveguide walls 2366.According to one embodiment of the invention waveguide walls 2366 may becopper plated over dielectric filler 2368. According to one embodimentof the invention waveguide walls 2366 may have thickness of betweenapproximately 0.0002″ and 0.040″ and preferably a thickness ofapproximately 0.003 inches. According to one embodiment of the inventionwaveguide walls 2366 may be formed from solid conductive material.According to one embodiment of the invention waveguide walls 2366 may beformed from a waveguide tube which is cut to a predetermined length andfitted with a conductive short on a side opposite the waveguide antennaaperture. According to one embodiment of the invention waveguide antenna2364 may have an aperture of approximately 0.62 inches by 0.31 inches.According to one embodiment of the invention dielectric filler 2368 mayhave a dielectric constant selected for use at 5.8 GHz. According to oneembodiment of the invention dielectric filler According to oneembodiment of the invention temperature measured at cooling platethermocouple 2395 may be indicative of the temperature of the skinsurface underlying the tissue bio-barrier 2337 adjacent cooling platethermocouple 2395. may have a dielectric constant of approximately 10.According to one embodiment of the invention dielectric filler 2368should be a low loss material. According to one embodiment of theinvention dielectric filler 2368 may have a length of betweenapproximately 20 and 80 millimeters and preferably a length that isapproximately an integer multiple of one-half of one guided wavelengthat a frequency of interest. According to one embodiment of the inventiondielectric filler 2368 may have a length of between approximately 20 and80 millimeters and preferably a length that is approximately 28.5millimeters for a short waveguide antenna 2364 and approximately 48millimeters for a long waveguide antenna 2364. According to oneembodiment of the invention dielectric filler 2368 in the longerwaveguide antenna 2364 may have a length which may be one or more guidedwavelengths longer than the dielectric in the shorter waveguide antenna2364. According to one embodiment of the invention dielectric filler2368 in the longer antenna may have a length which is approximately 20millimeters longer than dielectric filler 2368 in the shorter antenna.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an antenna cradle 2374, which may alsobe referred to as a waveguide holder, according to one embodiment of theinvention. According to one embodiment of the invention antenna cradle2374 includes cradle channels 2389 and antenna chamber 2377.

FIG. 8 is a cutaway view of antenna cradle 2374 along K-K in FIG. 7.According to one embodiment of the invention, antenna cradle 2374includes antenna chamber 2377 and cradle circuit 2385. According to oneembodiment of the invention cradle circuit 2385 includes cradle channels2389 and coolant chambers 2360. According to one embodiment of theinvention, cradle circuit 2385 may be used to convey cooling fluidthrough the antenna cradle. According to one embodiment of theinvention, cradle channels 2389 may be connected in parallel, allowingcooling fluid to flow through each cradle channel 2389 and coolantchamber 2360 of cradle circuit 2385 in parallel. According to oneembodiment of the invention cradle channels 2389 may be connected inseries through, for example, coolant distribution tubing 2314(illustrated in FIG. 4) allowing cooling fluid to flow through eachcradle channel 2389 and coolant chamber 2360 of cradle circuit 2385sequentially.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of antenna array 2355 and disposable 2363according to one embodiment of the invention. According to oneembodiment of the invention antenna array 2355 may include antennacradle 2374 and waveguide assembly 2358. According to one embodiment ofthe invention, antenna cradle 2374 may include cradle channels 2389.According to one embodiment of the invention waveguide assembly 2358 maybe positioned in antenna chamber 2377 of antenna cradle 2374 to formantenna array 2355. According to one embodiment of the inventionwaveguide assembly 2358 may include one or more waveguide antennas 2364.According to one embodiment of the invention waveguide assembly 2358 mayinclude first waveguide antenna 2364 a, second waveguide antenna 2364 b,third waveguide antenna 2364 c and fourth waveguide antenna 2364 c.According to one embodiment of the invention waveguide assembly 2358 mayinclude a plurality of tuning elements 2390 (which may be tuning screws)and a plurality of feed connectors 2388, which may be a custom panelmount SMA connector. According to one embodiment of the invention eachwaveguide antenna 2364 may include a tuning element 2390 and a feedconnector 2388. According to one embodiment of the invention microwaveenergy may be supplied to each waveguide antenna by a interconnect cable2372. According to one embodiment of the invention tuning element 2390may include tuning screws which pass through the waveguide walls 2366,forming electrical contact with the waveguide walls 2366, and into thedielectric filler 2368. According to one embodiment of the inventiontuning elements 2390 may be positioned approximately ¾ of the guidedwavelength from a back wall (such as, for example, shorting element2373) of waveguide antenna 2364. According to one embodiment of theinvention the depth of tuning elements 2390 may be adjusted to tunewaveguide antenna 2364 to the frequency of interest. According to oneembodiment of the invention the depth of tuning elements 2390 may beadjusted to tune waveguide antenna 2364 to have a center frequency ofapproximately 5.8 GHz.

FIG. 10 is a cutaway of antenna array 2355 and disposable 2363 viewalong A-A in FIG. 9. According to one embodiment of the inventionwaveguide assembly 2358 is positioned in antenna chamber 2377 of antennacradle 2374. According to one embodiment of the invention waveguideassembly 2358 includes one or more waveguide antennas 2364. According toone embodiment of the invention signals may be fed into waveguideantenna 2364 through feed connectors 2388 which may include antennafeeds 2370. According to one embodiment of the invention waveguideantennas 2364 may include a dielectric filler 2368, waveguide walls 2366(which may be, for example waveguide tubing or conductive walls and,more particularly, may be WR62 waveguide tube), a tuning element 2390and a shorting element 2373, which may be, for example a metal shim.According to one embodiment of the invention waveguide antennas 2364 maybe manufactured by, for example, press fitting dielectric filler 2368into waveguide walls 2366 made from waveguide tubing and brazingshorting element 2373 across one open end of the waveguide tubing.According to one embodiment of the invention disposable 2363 may includetissue chamber 2338, tissue interface surface 2336, which may be, forexample, a tissue bio-barrier 2337, vacuum ports 2342 and chamber wall2354. According to one embodiment of the invention bio-barrier 2337 maybe, for example a hydrophobic membrane available from GE Osmotics.According to one embodiment of the invention, cooling plate 2340,scattering element 2378 and separation ribs 2393 may be positioned inantenna chamber 2377 between antenna array 2355 and disposable 2363.According to one embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378,which may be referred to as a field spreader, may be, for example, anextension of dielectric filler 2368. According to one embodiment of theinvention scattering elements 2378 may be, for example, an absorptiveelement. According to one embodiment of the invention scattering element2378 may be an absorptive element which, at least partially mutes themicrowave energy radiated from an aperture of waveguide antenna 2364.According to one embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 maybe an absorptive element which, at least partially mutes the microwaveenergy radiated from an aperture of waveguide antenna 2364 increasingthe effective field size of waveguide antenna 2364. According to oneembodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 may be an absorptiveelement which, at least partially mutes the microwave energy radiatedfrom an aperture of waveguide antenna 2364 spreading the SAR pattern intissue underlying waveguide antenna 2364. According to one embodiment ofthe invention antenna feed 2370 may be a center conductor of feedconnector 2388 which extends into dielectric filler 2368 of waveguideantenna 2364. According to one embodiment of the invention antenna feed2370 may be positioned such that the microwave signal transitions fromfeed connector 2388 into waveguide antenna 2364 with minimal reflectionresulting from reactive coupling between antenna feed 2370 and a backwall of waveguide antenna 2364, creating impedance matching conditionsat a frequency of interest, such as, for example 5.8 GHz. According toone embodiment of the invention antenna feed 2370 may be positioned suchthat the microwave signal transitions from the feed connector into thewaveguide antenna with minimal reflection via reactive coupling betweenthe feed and back wall that creates a 50 ohm matching conditions at 5.8GHz. According to one embodiment of the invention antenna feed 2370 maybe positioned approximately two millimeters from back waveguide wall2366. According to one embodiment of the invention antenna feed 2370 maybe positioned approximately two millimeters from the junction betweenthe shorting element 2373 and the waveguide tube.

FIG. 11 is a cutaway view of antenna array 2355 and disposable 2363along B-B in FIG. 9. According to one embodiment of the inventionwaveguide antenna 2364 may be positioned in antenna chamber 2377 ofantenna cradle 2374. According to one embodiment of the inventionwaveguide antenna 2364 may include dielectric filler 2368, waveguidewalls 2366 and shorting element 2373. According to one embodiment of theinvention antenna cradle 2374 may include antenna chamber 2377 andcradle channels 2389. According to one embodiment of the inventiondisposable 2363 may include tissue chamber 2338, tissue interfacesurface 2336, which may be, for example, a tissue bio-barrier 2337 andchamber wall 2354. According to one embodiment of the inventionscattering element 2378, scattering elements 2378 and separation ribs2393 may be positioned in antenna chamber 2377 between antenna array2355 and disposable 2363.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of antenna array 2355 according to oneembodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention waveguide assembly 2358 may include a plurality of tuningelements 2390, which may be tuning screws and a plurality of feedconnectors 2388. According to one embodiment of the invention microwaveenergy may be supplied to each waveguide antenna by a interconnect cable2372.

FIG. 13 is a cutaway view of antenna array 2355 along C-C in FIG. 12.According to one embodiment of the invention waveguide assembly 2358 maybe positioned in antenna chamber 2377 of antenna cradle 2374. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention waveguide antennas 2364 may include adielectric filler 2368, waveguide walls 2366, a tuning element 2390 anda shorting element 2373, which may be, for example a metal shim.According to one embodiment of the invention separation ribs 2393,scattering elements 2378 and cooling plate 2340 may be positioned at adistal end of antenna array 2355.

FIG. 14 is a cutaway view of antenna array 2355 along D-D in FIG. 12.According to one embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378,cooling plate 2340 and separation ribs 2393 may be positioned at adistal end of antenna array 2355 and disposable 2363.

FIG. 15 is a cutaway view of a distal portion of antenna array 2355along C-C in FIG. 12. According to one embodiment of the inventionwaveguide assembly 2358 includes one or more waveguide antennas2364(a-d). According to one embodiment of the invention waveguideantennas 2364 may include a dielectric filler 2368, waveguide walls 2366and a tuning element 2390. According to one embodiment of the inventionscattering elements 2378 and separation ribs 2393 may be positioned incoolant chamber 2360. According to one embodiment of the inventioncoolant chamber 2360, which may also be referred to as heat exchangechannels, may include cooling fluid 2361.

FIG. 16 illustrates a cooling plate and thermocouples according to oneembodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention cooling plate thermocouples 2395 may be positioned in coolingplate grooves 2394. According to one embodiment of the invention coolingplate 2340, cooling plate thermocouples 2395 and cooling plate grooves2394 may be positioned under tissue bio-barrier 2337.

FIG. 17 is a cutaway view of a portion of cooling plate 2340 and coolingplate thermocouple 2395 along J-J in FIG. 16. FIG. 18 is a cutaway viewof a portion of cooling plate 2340 and cooling plate thermocouple 2395along J-J in FIG. 16. According to one embodiment of the inventioncooling plate thermocouple 2395 may be flattened to ensure that tissuebio-barrier 2337 lies flat against a surface of cooling plate 2340.According to one embodiment of the invention cooling plate 2340 may belocated at the distal end of applicator 2320. According to oneembodiment of the invention cooling plate 2340 may be glued to thedistal end of antenna cradle 2374. According to one embodiment of theinvention cooling plate 2340 may be positioned to stretch tissuebio-barrier 2337 when disposable 2363 is connected to applicator 2320.According to one embodiment of the invention cooling plate 2340 may bepositioned to extend between 0.001 inches and 0.020 inches andpreferably 0.010″ inches into tissue chamber 2338 when disposable 2363is attached to applicator 2320. According to one embodiment of theinvention cooling plate 2340 may be chosen to have a thickness ofbetween approximately 0.010 inches and 0.014 inches and preferably 0.014inches. According to one embodiment of the invention cooling plate 2340may be chosen from a material having rigidity, high thermal conductivityand a dielectric constant chosen to increase coupling of microwaveenergy into tissue. According to one embodiment of the invention coolingplate 2340 may be a ceramic. According to one embodiment of theinvention cooling plate 2340 may be alumina between 90 and 99 percentand preferably of 96 percent. According to one embodiment of theinvention cooling plate 2340 may have a thermal conductivity at roomtemperature of between approximately one watt per meter degree Kelvinand approximately 75 watts per meter degree Kelvin and preferablyapproximately 30 Watts per meter degree Kelvin TS. According to oneembodiment of the invention cooling plate 2340 may have a dielectricconstant of between 4 and 15 and preferably 10. According to oneembodiment of the invention cooling plate 2340 may be a material whichminimizes the microwave energy trapped in cooling plate 2340 in the formof surface waves.

According to one embodiment of the invention a distal surface of coolingplate 2340 may include a plurality of thermocouple channels, such as,for example, cooling plate grooves 2394. According to one embodiment ofthe invention cooling plate grooves 2394 may have a depth of betweenapproximately 0.003 inches and 0.007 inches and preferably approximately0.005 inches. According to one embodiment of the invention cooling plategrooves 2394 may have a width of approximately 0.014 inches. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention cooling plate grooves 2394 may bepositioned such that they pass directly under the center of the apertureof waveguide antenna 2364. According to one embodiment of the inventioncooling plate grooves 2394 may be positioned such that cooling platethermocouples 2395 are positioned directly under the center of theaperture of waveguide antenna 2364. According to one embodiment of theinvention cooling plate grooves 2394 may be positioned such that theypass directly under the center of scattering elements 2378. According toone embodiment of the invention cooling plate grooves 2394 may bepositioned such that cooling plate thermocouples 2395 are positioneddirectly under the center of scattering elements 2378. According to oneembodiment of the invention cooling plate grooves 2394 may be positionedsuch that they cross the portion of the acquired tissue with the highestSAR. According to one embodiment of the invention cooling plate grooves2394 may be positioned such that cooling plate thermocouples 2395 arepositioned above the portion of the acquired tissue with the highestSAR. According to one embodiment of the invention cooling plate grooves2394 may be positioned such that they are perpendicular to the E-fieldcomponent of the output of waveguide antenna 2364. According to oneembodiment of the invention cooling plate grooves 2394 may be positionedsuch that the wires of cooling plate thermocouples 2395 lieperpendicular to the E-field component of the output of waveguideantenna 2364. According to one embodiment of the invention cooling plategrooves 2394 may be positioned such that the portion of the wires ofcooling plate thermocouples 2395 under the aperture of waveguide antenna2364 lie perpendicular to the E-field component of the output ofwaveguide antenna 2364.

According to one embodiment of the invention a proximal surface ofcooling plate 2340 may be positioned to contact the distal end of eachscattering element 2378. According to one embodiment of the inventioncooling plate 2340 may be chosen to have a surface which minimizes thevoids or imperfections in the interface between cooling plate 2340 andthe distal end of scattering element 2378. According to one embodimentof the invention the interface between cooling plate 2340 and scatteringelement 2378 interface may be designed to minimize the presence ofmaterials, including air and cooling fluid which may cause perturbationsor hot spots at that interface when microwave energy is emitted fromwaveguide antenna 2364. According to one embodiment of the inventioncooling plate 2340 may be substantially flat. According to oneembodiment of the invention cooling plate 2340 may have a flatness ofless than approximately 0.0002 inches of variability across the surface.According to one embodiment of the invention an adhesive, such as, forexample, a dielectric epoxy (e.g. Eccosorb epoxy) may be used to attachcooling plate 2340 to each scattering element 2378.

According to one embodiment of the invention cooling plate thermocouples2395 may provide feedback indicative of the temperature of tissueadjacent the distal side of cooling plate 2340. According to oneembodiment of the invention cooling plate thermocouples 2395 may providefeedback indicative of the temperature of tissue engaged in tissuechamber 2338. According to one embodiment of the invention cooling platethermocouples 2395 may be positioned in cooling plate grooves 2394 on adistal side of cooling plate 2340. According to one embodiment of theinvention cooling plate thermocouples 2395 may be TYPE T, made by laserwelding 0.39 gage copper and constantan. According to one embodiment ofthe invention cooling plate thermocouples 2395 may be printed onto thedistal side of cooling plate 2340. According to one embodiment of theinvention cooling plate thermocouples 2395 may be oriented such thatperturbations in the microwave field caused by cooling platethermocouples 2395 including cooling plate thermocouple wires areminimized. According to one embodiment of the invention cooling platethermocouples 2395 may be oriented such that the effect of cooling platethermocouples 2395 including the cooling plate thermocouple wires on theSAR patterns of applicator 2320 are minimized. According to oneembodiment of the invention cooling plate thermocouples 2395 may beoriented such that the effect of cooling plate thermocouples 2395including thermocouple wires on the creation of lesions within thetissue engaged in tissue chamber 2338 are minimized. According to oneembodiment of the invention cooling plate thermocouples 2395 may beoriented such that cooling plate thermocouple lead wires lieperpendicular to the E-field radiated by waveguide antenna 2364.According to one embodiment of the invention, in order to minimizeperturbation of the microwave field while maintaining mechanicalintegrity of cooling plate thermocouple 2395 lead wires, cooling platethermocouple 2395 lead wires may be chosen to be between approximately30 gage and approximately 40 gauge and preferably approximately 39 gage.According to one embodiment of the invention cooling plate thermocouples2395 may be positioned on the distal side of cooling plate 2340 undereach waveguide antenna 2364 such that the thermocouple weld lies in themiddle of the aperture of waveguide antenna 2364. According to oneembodiment of the invention cooling plate thermocouples 2395 may bepositioned under each waveguide such that the thermocouple weld lies inthe middle of scattering element 2378. According to one embodiment ofthe invention cooling plate thermocouples 2395 may be positioned in agroove on the surface of cooling plate 2340 such that neither the weld,nor the thermocouple wires extend out of cooling plate groove 2394.According to one embodiment of the invention cooling plate thermocouples2395 may be positioned in cooling plate grooves 2394 on the surface ofcooling plate 2340 such that neither the weld, nor the thermocouplewires push against tissue bio-barrier 2337 by more than approximately0.003 inches when disposable 2363 is attached to applicator 2320.According to one embodiment of the invention cooling plate thermocouples2395 may be positioned in cooling plate grooves 2394 on the surface ofcooling plate 2340 such that neither the thermocouple weld, nor thethermocouple wires push against tissue bio-barrier 2337 to create airpockets between tissue bio-barrier 2337 and the distal side of coolingplate 2340 when disposable 2363 is attached to applicator 2320.According to one embodiment of the invention cooling plate thermocouple2395 welds may be flattened to ensure that they fit within cooling plategroove 2394. According to one embodiment of the invention cooling platethermocouple 2395 welds may be flattened from a cross section ofapproximately 0.008 inches to create a weld having at least one crosssection of approximately 0.004 inches to ensure that cooling platethermocouple 2395 weld does not extend outside cooling plate groove2395. According to one embodiment of the invention the number of coolingplate thermocouples 2395 may be generally equal to the number ofwaveguide antennas 2364 in antenna array 2355. According to oneembodiment of the invention the number of cooling plate thermocouples2395 may be four, one for each waveguide antenna 2364 a through 2364 din antenna array 2355. According to one embodiment of the inventioncooling plate thermocouples 2395 function to provide feedback togenerator 2301 indicative of the temperature of tissue engaged in tissuechamber 2338. According to one embodiment of the invention cooling platethermocouples 2395 function to provide feedback to generator 2301indicative of the temperature of tissue underlying each waveguideantenna 2364.

FIG. 19 is a perspective end view of an antenna array 2355, coolantchambers 2360, separation ribs 2393 and scattering elements 2378according to one embodiment of the invention. According to oneembodiment of the invention waveguide assembly 2358 may include aplurality of tuning elements 2390 and a plurality of feed connectors2388. According to one embodiment of the invention cradle channels 2389may be connected to coolant chamber 2360.

FIG. 20 is an end view of antenna array 2355, coolant chambers 2360,separation ribs 2393 and scattering elements 2378 according to oneembodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention waveguide assembly 2358 may include one or more waveguideantennas 2364 a, 2364 b, 2364 c and 2364 d. According to one embodimentof the invention waveguide assembly 2358 may include a plurality of feedconnectors 2388. According to one embodiment of the invention waveguideantennas 2364 may include dielectric fillers 2368 and waveguide walls2366. According to one embodiment of the invention cradle channels 2389may be connected to coolant chambers 2360. According to one embodimentof the invention coolant channel 2360 a may be located beneath waveguideantenna 2364 a. According to one embodiment of the invention coolantchannel 2360 b may be located beneath waveguide antenna 2364 b.According to one embodiment of the invention coolant channel 2360 c maybe located beneath waveguide antenna 2364 c. According to one embodimentof the invention coolant channel 2360 d may be located beneath waveguideantenna 2364 d. According to one embodiment of the invention scatteringelement 2378 a may be positioned in coolant chamber 2360 a. According toone embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 b may bepositioned in coolant chamber 2360 b. According to one embodiment of theinvention scattering element 2378 c may be positioned in coolant chamber2360 c. According to one embodiment of the invention scattering element2378 d may be positioned in coolant chamber 2360 d. According to oneembodiment of the invention cradle channels 2389 may be adapted tosupply cooling fluid to coolant chambers 2360. According to oneembodiment of the invention separation ribs 2393 may be positioned oneither side of coolant chambers 2360 a through 2360 d.

FIG. 21 is a perspective view of an applicator 2320 and disposable 2363according to one embodiment of the invention. According to oneembodiment of the invention, applicator 2320 may be attached todisposable 2363 by latching mechanism 2365. According to one embodimentof the invention, applicator 2320 may include applicator cable 2334.According to one embodiment of the invention disposable 2363 may includevacuum tubing 2319, tissue chamber 2338, alignment feature 2352 andtissue interface surface 2336. According to one embodiment of theinvention alignment features 2352 may be positioned at a distance whichfacilitate appropriate placement of applicator 2320 during treatment.According to one embodiment of the invention alignment features 2352 maybe positioned approximately 30.7 millimeters apart. According to oneembodiment of the invention alignment features 2352 may be furtherpositioned and may be designed to assist a physician in positioningapplicator 2320 prior to the application of energy. According to oneembodiment of the invention alignment features 2352 on disposable 2363assist the user in properly positioning the applicator prior totreatment and in moving the applicator to the next treatment regionduring a procedure. According to one embodiment of the inventionalignment features 2352 on disposable 2363, when used with marks orlandmarks in a treatment region facilitate the creation of a continuouslesion.

FIG. 22 is an end on view of the distal end of applicator 2320 anddisposable 2363 illustrated in FIG. 21. According to one embodiment ofthe invention, disposable 2363 may include tissue bio-barrier 2337.According to one embodiment of the invention applicator 2320 may includecooling plate 2340, which may be, for example, positioned behind tissuebio-barrier 2337. According to one embodiment of the invention tissuebio-barrier 2337 may form a portion of tissue interface surface 2336.According to one embodiment of the invention, disposable 2363 mayinclude vacuum ports 2342 and vacuum channels 2350. According to oneembodiment of the invention vacuum ports 2342 may be, for example, holesin the distal end of disposable 2363 which may be connected directly orindirectly to vacuum tubing 2319 and to vacuum channels 2350, which maybe formed by grooves in disposable 2363. According to one embodiment ofthe invention latching mechanism 2365 may be used to facilitate theconnection of disposable 2363 to applicator 2320.

FIG. 23 is an exploded perspective view of applicator 2320 anddisposable 2363 illustrated in FIG. 21. According to one embodiment ofthe invention, applicator 2320 may include a cooling plate 2340,separation ribs 2393, antenna cradle 2374, waveguide assembly 2358 andantenna switch 2357. According to one embodiment of the inventionwaveguide assembly 2358 may include antennas 2364(a-d). According to oneembodiment of the invention disposable 2363 may include vacuum tubing2319, alignment features 2352, latching elements 2359, top vacuum cap2345 and vacuum seal 2348. According to one embodiment of the inventiontop vacuum cap 2345 covers and seals at least a portion of main vacuumpassage 2335 (FIG. 27).

FIG. 24 is a cutaway view of applicator 2320 and disposable 2363illustrated in FIG. 21. According to one embodiment of the inventionapplicator 2320 may include antenna array 2355, antenna switch 2357 andapplicator cable 2334. According to one embodiment of the inventionapplicator cable 2334 may include cooling plate thermocouple wires 2330,coolant thermocouple wires 2331, coolant supply tubing 2312, coolantreturn tubing 2313, antenna switch signal 2481, energy cable 2322.According to one embodiment of the invention cooling plate thermocouplewires 2330 may include one or more thermocouple wires which may beattached to one or more thermocouples positioned opposite an output ofantenna array 2355. According to one embodiment of the invention coolantthermocouple wires 2331 may include one or more thermocouple wiresattached to one or more cooling path thermocouples 2326 which may bepositioned to measure coolant fluid, such as, for example, in coolantreturn tubing 2313. According to one embodiment of the invention one ormore cooling path thermocouples 2326 may be positioned to measure thetemperature of cooling fluid 2361 after it passes through coolantchamber 2360. According to one embodiment of the invention one or morecooling path thermocouples 2326 may be located in coolant return tubing2313. According to one embodiment of the invention cooling paththermocouples 2326 function to provide feedback to the generator 2301indicative of the temperature of cooling fluid 2361 after passingthrough coolant chamber 2360. According to one embodiment of theinvention disposable 2363 may include latching element 2359.

FIG. 25 is a view of the distal end of disposable 2363 according to oneembodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention disposable 2363 may include tissue interface surface 2336,tissue chamber 2338 and alignment features 2352. According to oneembodiment of the invention tissue interface surface 2336 may form aback wall of tissue chamber 2338. According to one embodiment of theinvention tissue interface surface 2336 may include tissue bio-barrier2337, vacuum channel 2350 and vacuum ports 2342. According to oneembodiment of the invention disposable 2363 includes alignment features2352 and vacuum tubing 2319.

FIG. 26 is a view of the proximal side of disposable 2363 illustrated inFIG. 25. According to one embodiment of the invention disposable 2363includes applicator chamber 2346. According to one embodiment of theinvention applicator chamber may include an applicator chamber 2346which may be formed, at least in part, by tissue bio-barrier 2337.According to one embodiment of the invention disposable 2363 includesalignment features 2352 and vacuum tubing 2319. According to oneembodiment of the invention disposable 2363 may include top vacuum cap2345.

FIG. 27 is a view of a first section of the proximal side of disposable2363 with illustrated in FIG. 26 with top vacuum cap 2345 removed.According to one embodiment of the invention disposable 2363 may includeapplicator chamber 2346 (which may include tissue bio-barrier 2337),side vacuum cap 2347 and vacuum seal 2348. According to one embodimentof the invention side vacuum cap 2347 covers and seals at least aportion of main vacuum passage 2335. According to one embodiment of theinvention disposable 2363 may include applicator bio-barrier 2332 (whichmay be, for example, a polyethylene film, available from FisherScientific) TS, vacuum passages 2333 and vacuum baffles 2343. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention vacuum passages 2333 may connectvacuum connector 2328 to vacuum ports 2342 in tissue chamber 2338 and toapplicator bio-barrier 2332. According to one embodiment of theinvention vacuum passages 2333 form a direct path to tissue interfacesurface 2336 and an indirect or circuitous route to applicatorbio-barrier 2332. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuumpassages 2333 may be adapted to restrict the movement of fluids fromtissue chamber 2338 to applicator bio-barrier 2332. According to oneembodiment of the invention vacuum connector 2328 may be positioned onthe opposite side of disposable 2363 from applicator bio-barrier 2332 tocreate a long, circuitous path for air to travel as vacuum is applied.According to one embodiment of the invention an indirect path fromvacuum connector 2328 to applicator bio-barrier 2332 may be designed tomake it harder to pull fluids from tissue chamber 2338 toward applicatorbio-barrier 2332, particularly when there is back pressure in vacuumpassages 2333, caused by, for example, opening vacuum solenoid 2315between disposable 2363 and vacuum pump/drive 2307 in the generator or,by a vacuum created in tissue chamber 2338 as tissue is pulled away fromtissue interface surface 2336. According to one embodiment of theinvention a vacuum pump 2450 and a vacuum solenoid 2315 may be used tosupport tissue acquisition applicator 2320. According to one embodimentof the invention main vacuum passage 2335 may extend from vacuumconnector 2328 to vacuum passages 2333 and applicator bio-barrier 2332.According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum passages 2333 mayconnect main vacuum passage 2335 to vacuum ports 2342 in tissueinterface surface 2336. According to one embodiment of the inventionvacuum baffles 2343 may be positioned in main vacuum passage 2335between vacuum passages 2333 and applicator bio-barrier 2332. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention vacuum baffles 2343 may be adapted tohelp keep the air pressure in the applicator chamber 2346 and tissuechamber 2338 substantially equal during tissue acquisition by providinga pressure drop between the vacuum passages 2333 and applicatorbio-barrier 2332. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuumbaffles 2343 may be positioned and adapted to help equalized thepressure between the applicator chamber 2346 and a higher volume of airin tissue chamber 2338 during acquisition of skin. According to oneembodiment of the invention vacuum baffles 2343 may be adapted torestrict the amount of backflow pressure which reaches applicatorbio-barrier 2332. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuumbaffles 2343 may be adapted to restrict the amount of biological fluidswhich reach applicator bio-barrier 2332 when backflow pressure isapplied, as immediately after the vacuum is turned off or as skin ispulled out of tissue chamber 2338 or away from tissue interface surface2336. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum baffles 2343may be positioned and adapted to create a pressure drop so that amajority of any backflow pressure is released through the vacuumpassages 2333 into tissue chamber 2338. According to one embodiment ofthe invention vacuum baffles 2343 may be adapted to provide a mechanicalbarrier in the circuitous path of vacuum circuit 2341 which increasesthe pressure on one side of the vacuum baffles 2343 as air flows throughmain vacuum passage 2335. According to one embodiment of the inventionbaffles may be adapted to provide a mechanical barrier which increasesthe length of a circuitous path as air travels through main vacuumpassage 2335. According to one embodiment of the invention applicatorbio-barrier 2332 may be positioned between vacuum passages 2333 andapplicator chamber 2346. According to one embodiment of the inventionapplicator bio-barrier 2332 may be a membrane which may be adapted to bepermeable to air but substantially impermeable to biological fluids suchas, for example, blood and sweat. According to one embodiment of theinvention applicator bio-barrier 2332 may be a hydrophobic membranefilter. According to one embodiment of the invention applicatorbio-barrier 2332 may be made of polyethylene film nylon or othersuitable materials. According to one embodiment of the inventionapplicator bio-barrier 2332 may include pores having sizes sufficient topass enough air to equalize the vacuum without passing biologicalfluids. According to one embodiment of the invention applicatorbio-barrier 2332 may include pores having sizes of approximately 0.45micrometers. According to one embodiment of the invention when thevacuum is turned on, and before pressure is equalized, applicatorbio-barrier 2332 may induce a minimal pressure drop between vacuumpassages 2333 and the applicator chamber 2346.

FIG. 28 is a view of a second section of the proximal side of disposable2363 illustrated in FIG. 26 with top vacuum cap 2345 removed. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention disposable 2363 may includeapplicator chamber 2346 (which may include tissue bio-barrier 2337), andvacuum seal 2348. According to one embodiment of the inventiondisposable 2363 may include, vacuum passages 2333 and vacuum connector2328. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum connector 2328may connect vacuum passages 2333 to vacuum tubing 2319.

FIG. 29 is a cutaway view of disposable 2363 along H-H in FIG. 25.According to one embodiment of the invention disposable 2363 includesapplicator chamber 2346 and tissue chamber 2338. According to oneembodiment of the invention applicator chamber 2346 and tissue chamber2338 may be separated, at least in part, by tissue bio-barrier 2337.According to one embodiment of the invention tissue chamber 2338 mayinclude tissue interface surface 2336 and chamber wall 2354. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention tissue interface surface 2336 may beformed, at least in part, by tissue bio-barrier 2337. According to oneembodiment of the invention disposable 2363 may include a vacuum circuit2341. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum circuit 2341may include vacuum tubing 2319, vacuum connector 2328, vacuum baffle2343, vacuum passages 2333 and applicator bio-barrier 2332. According toone embodiment of the invention vacuum circuit 2341 may connect tissuechamber 2338 to vacuum tubing 2319 through vacuum passages 2333.According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum circuit 2341 mayconnect applicator chamber 2346 to vacuum tubing 2319 through applicatorbio-barrier 2332. According to one embodiment of the inventiondisposable 2363 may include top vacuum cap 2345 and side vacuum cap2347. According to one embodiment of the invention top vacuum cap 2345and side vacuum cap 2347 may seal vacuum circuit 2341.

FIG. 30 is a view of a section of disposable 2363 illustrated in FIG.30. According to one embodiment of the invention disposable 2363includes applicator chamber 2346 and tissue chamber 2338. According toone embodiment of the invention applicator chamber 2346 and tissuechamber 2338 may be separated, at least in part, by tissue bio-barrier2337. According to one embodiment of the invention tissue chamber 2338may include tissue interface surface 2336 and chamber wall 2354.According to one embodiment of the invention tissue interface surface2336 may be formed, at least in part, by tissue bio-barrier 2337.According to one embodiment of the invention disposable 2363 may includea vacuum circuit 2341. According to one embodiment of the inventionvacuum circuit 2341 may include vacuum baffle 2343, vacuum passages 2333and applicator bio-barrier 2332. According to one embodiment of theinvention vacuum circuit 2341 may be connected to tissue chamber 2338 byvacuum passages 2333. According to one embodiment of the inventionvacuum circuit 2341 may connect applicator chamber 2346 to vacuumcircuit 2341 through applicator bio-barrier 2332. According to oneembodiment of the invention disposable 2363 may include top vacuum cap2345 and side vacuum cap 2347.

FIG. 30A is a view of a section of disposable 2363 illustrated in FIG.29 according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention. FIG.30B is a view of a section of disposable 2363 illustrated in FIG. 29according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention chamber walls 2354 may include acompliant member 2375. According to one embodiment of the inventioncompliant member 2375 may be formed from a compliant material, such as,for example, rubber, coated urethane foam (with a compliant plastic orrubber seal coating), silicone, polyurethane or heat sealed open cellfoam. According to one embodiment of the invention compliant member 2375may be positioned around the outer edge of tissue chamber 2338 tofacilitate the acquisition of tissue. According to one embodiment of theinvention compliant member 2375 may be positioned around the outer edgeof chamber opening 2339 to facilitate the acquisition of tissue.According to one embodiment of the invention compliant member 2375 mayfacilitate the engagement of tissue which is not flat, such as, forexample tissue in the axilla. According to one embodiment of theinvention compliant member 2375 may facilitate the engagement of tissuewhich is not flat, such as, for example tissue in the outer regions ofthe axilla. According to one embodiment of the invention compliantmember 2375 may provide improved sealing characteristics between theskin and tissue chamber 2338, particularly where the skin is not flat.According to one embodiment of the invention compliant member 2375 mayspeed the acquisition of tissue in tissue chamber 2338, particularlywhere the skin is not flat. According to one embodiment of the inventioncompliant member 2375 may have a height of between approximately 0.15inches and approximately 0.40 inches above chamber opening 2339 whencompliant member 2375 is not compressed. According to one embodiment ofthe invention compliant member 2375 may have a height of approximately0.25 inches above chamber opening 2339 when compliant member 2375 is notcompressed.

FIG. 31 is a perspective view of antenna cradle 2374 according to oneembodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention antenna cradle 2374 may include antenna chamber 2377 andcradle circuit 2385. According to one embodiment of the invention cradlecircuit 2385 may be adapted to circulate cooling fluid thorough antennacradle 2374. According to one embodiment of the invention cradle circuit2385 may include at least one cradle reservoir 2387. According to oneembodiment of the invention cradle circuit 2385 may include inlet andoutlet cradle reservoirs 2387.

FIG. 32 is a perspective cutaway view of antenna cradle 2374 along F-Fin FIG. 31. According to one embodiment of the invention antenna cradle2374 may include antenna chamber 2377 and cradle circuit 2385. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention cradle circuit 2385 may be adapted tocirculate cooling fluid thorough antenna cradle 2374 as part of coolingfluid path 2381. According to one embodiment of the invention coolingfluid path 2381 may be a part of cooling circuit 2376. According to oneembodiment of the invention cradle circuit 2385 may include inlet andoutlet cradle reservoirs 2387 and cradle channels 2389. According to oneembodiment of the invention the elements of cradle circuit 2385 andcooling fluid path 2381 may be designed to facilitate the smooth flow offluid through cradle circuit 2385 and cooling fluid path 2381. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention the elements of cradle circuit 2385and cooling fluid path 2381 may be rounded and smoothed to facilitatethe smooth flow of fluid through cradle circuit 2385 and cooling fluidpath 2381.

FIG. 33 is a side cutaway view of antenna cradle 2374 along F-F in FIG.31. According to one embodiment of the invention cradle circuit 2385 maybe adapted to circulate cooling fluid thorough antenna cradle 2374 aspart of cooling fluid path 2381. According to one embodiment of theinvention cooling fluid path 2381 may include cradle circuit 2385 andcoolant chambers 2360. According to one embodiment of the inventioncoolant chambers 2360 may be formed by affixing cooling plate 2340 to adistal end of antenna cradle 2374. According to one embodiment of theinvention cooling plate 2340 may be affixed to antenna cradle 2374 by,for example, gluing cooling plate 2340 to antenna cradle 2374. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention cooling fluid path 2381 may be a partof cooling circuit 2376. According to one embodiment of the inventioncradle circuit 2385 may include cradle reservoir 2387 and cradlechannels 2389. According to one embodiment of the invention the elementsof cradle circuit 2385 and cooling fluid path 2381 may be designed tofacilitate the smooth flow of fluid through cradle circuit 2385 andcooling fluid path 2381. According to one embodiment of the inventionthe elements of cradle circuit 2385 and cooling fluid path 2381 may berounded and smoothed to facilitate the smooth flow of fluid throughcradle circuit 2385 and cooling fluid path 2381.

FIG. 34 is a perspective cutaway view of a section of antenna cradle2374 along I-I in FIG. 31. According to one embodiment of the inventionantenna cradle 2374 may include cradle circuit 2385. According to oneembodiment of the invention cradle circuit 2385 may include cradlereservoir 2387 and cradle channels 2389.

FIG. 35 is a perspective view of antenna array 2355 according to oneembodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention, antenna cradle 2374 may include reservoir inlet 2384 andantenna chamber 2377. According to one embodiment of the inventionwaveguide assembly 2358 may include one or more isolation elements 2391(which may be, for example, ECCOSORB MF-190 microwave absorber material,available from Emerson & Cuming Microwave Products) positioned betweenwaveguide antennas 2364. According to one embodiment of the inventionmicrowave energy may be supplied to each waveguide antenna through feedconnectors 2388. According to one embodiment of the invention waveguideassembly 2358 may be held together by a waveguide assembly frame 2353.According to one embodiment of the invention waveguide assembly frame2353 may include feed brackets 2351 and assembly bolts 2349. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention antenna array 2355 may include anantenna cradle and lease one waveguide antenna 2364. According to oneembodiment of the invention antenna array 2355 may include one or moreisolation elements 2391. According to one embodiment of the inventionantenna array 2355 may include four waveguide antennas 2364. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention the heights of waveguide antennas2364 in antenna array 2355 may be staggered to facilitate access to feedconnectors 2388.

FIG. 36 is a cutaway view of antenna array 2355 along L-L in FIG. 35.According to one embodiment of the invention waveguide assembly 2358includes one or more waveguide antennas 2364, one or more feed brackets2351 and one or more isolation elements 2391. According to oneembodiment of the invention waveguide assembly 2358 includes waveguideantennas 2364 a, 2364 b, 2364 c and 2364 c. According to one embodimentof the invention waveguide antennas 2364 may include a dielectric filler2368, waveguide walls 2366 and tuning element 2390. According to oneembodiment of the invention waveguide antennas 2364 may be manufacturedby plating dielectric filler 2368 with an appropriate plating materialsuch as, for example, copper, gold, silver. According to one embodimentof the invention waveguide walls 2366 may be formed by plating orelectroplating dielectric fill material such as, for example, dielectricfiller 2368. According to one embodiment of the invention waveguidewalls 2366 may be formed by plating or electroplating dielectric fillmaterial directly, covering all faces except a radiating aperture.According to one embodiment of the invention copper may be a preferredplating material. According to one embodiment of the inventionscattering element 2378 may also be a separate element. According to oneembodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 may also be aseparate element formed from, for example, polycarbonate or alumina.According to one embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 mayalso be a separate element positioned in coolant chamber 2360. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 may also be aseparate element positioned in coolant chamber 2360 and centered in anaperture of waveguide antenna 2363.

FIG. 37 is a view of a first section of the cutaway view of antennaarray 2355 illustrated in FIG. 36. According to one embodiment of theinvention waveguide assembly 2358 may include one or more waveguideantennas 2364(a-d) and one or more isolation elements 2391. According toone embodiment of the invention isolation elements 2391 may bepositioned between waveguide antennas 2364 and on either side ofwaveguide assembly 2358. According to one embodiment of the inventioncoolant chamber 2360, which may also be referred to as heat exchangechannels, may be adapted to receive cooling fluid (not shown).

FIG. 38 is a perspective view of a second section of the cutaway view ofantenna array 2355 illustrated in FIG. 36. According to one embodimentof the invention waveguide assembly 2358 may include one or morewaveguide antennas 2364(b-d) and one or more isolation elements 2391.According to one embodiment of the invention waveguide antennas 2364 mayinclude a dielectric filler 2368 and waveguide walls 2366. According toone embodiment of the invention coolant chamber 2360, which may also bereferred to as heat exchange channels, may be adapted to receive coolingfluid (not shown).

FIG. 39 is a view of a third section of the cutaway view of antennaarray 2355 illustrated in FIG. 36. According to one embodiment of theinvention coolant chamber 2360, which may also be referred to as heatexchange channels, may be adapted to receive cooling fluid (not shown).According to one embodiment of the invention separation ribs 2393 may besupported by rib holder 2396. According to one embodiment of theinvention scattering element 2378 may be designed, positioned anddimensioned to spread the power loss density pattern (or SAR patterncreated in tissue engaged in tissue chamber 2388. According to oneembodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 may be formed of thesame material as dielectric filler 2368. According to one embodiment ofthe invention scattering element 2378 may be a low loss dielectricmaterial having a dielectric constant of approximately 10. According toone embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 may be a lowloss dielectric material with a dielectric constant approximately equalto the dielectric constant of filler material 2368. According to oneembodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 preferably has adielectric constant different from the dielectric constant of thecooling fluid. According to one embodiment of the invention scatteringelement 2378 is preferably low loss such that it does not attenuate ordissipate energy emitted from the aperture of waveguide antenna 2364.According to one embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 mayhave a loss of less than approximately 1 at the frequency of interest,such as, for example 5.8 GHz. According to one embodiment of theinvention scattering element 2378 with a low loss cooling fluid it maybe preferable to have a higher loss scattering element to spread theeffective field size (EFS) which may be defined as the ration betweenthe fifty percent SAR contour in a cross section of target tissue and aradiating aperture of the antenna). According to one embodiment of theinvention scattering element 2378 may be formed of alumina or Eccostockmaterial. According to one embodiment of the invention scatteringelement 2378 may be shaped to facilitate laminar flow of coolant aroundscattering element 2378. According to one embodiment of the inventionscattering element 2378 may be shaped to minimize the creation of airbubbles in coolant flowing through cooling chamber 2360. According toone embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 may be shapedand positioned to optimize the cooling and microwave characteristics ofthe system. According to one embodiment of the invention scatteringelement 2378 may be shaped and positioned to minimizing the area of thecooling plate covered by scattering element 2378. According to oneembodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 may be shaped andpositioned to maximizing the cross-sectional area of peak SAR within thetarget region at the target depth in tissue engaged by tissue chamber2338.

According to one embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 maybe located in the center of the aperture of waveguide antenna 2364.According to one embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 maybe rectangular, having dimensions proportional to the dimensions of anaperture of waveguide antenna 2364. According to one embodiment of theinvention scattering element 2378 may be oblong. According to oneembodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 may be racetrackshaped with elongated sides parallel to the longest sides of theaperture of waveguide antenna 2364. According to one embodiment of theinvention scattering element 2378 may have a length of betweenapproximately 1 millimeter and a length of approximately 7 millimeters.According to one embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 mayhave a length of approximately as long as the long side of the apertureof waveguide antenna 2364. According to one embodiment of the inventionscattering element 2378 may have a width of between approximately 1millimeter and approximately 4 millimeters. According to one embodimentof the invention scattering element 2378 may have a width as long as theshort side of the aperture of waveguide antenna 2364. According to oneembodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 may have a height ofapproximately one-half millimeter. According to one embodiment of theinvention scattering element 2378 may have a height approximately equalto the depth of the coolant chamber 2360. According to one embodiment ofthe invention scattering element 2378 may an area which is proportionalto the area of the aperture of waveguide antenna 2364.

According to one embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 maybe positioned between dielectric filler 2368 of waveguide antenna 2364and a proximal side of cooling plate 2340. According to one embodimentof the invention scattering element 2378 may be positioned to contactboth dielectric filler 2368 and a proximal surface of cooling plate2340. According to one embodiment of the invention scattering element2378 may be positioned against cooling plate 2340 in a manner whichminimizes or eliminates air gaps or other discontinuities at thejunction between scattering element 2378 and cooling plate 2340.According to one embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 maybe attached to the cooling plate using for example a dielectric epoxy.According to one embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 maybe positioned such that fields generated by waveguide antenna 2364 donot re-converge while propagating through cooling plate 2340. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 may bepositioned in the center of the coolant chamber 2360, with equal flowpaths on either side of scattering element 2378. According to oneembodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 may be oriented suchthat the longest dimension of scattering element 2378 is aligned alongthe path taken by cooling fluid through coolant chamber 2360. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 may bepositioned in the center of the region of maximum E-field strengthradiated by waveguide antenna 2364.

FIG. 40 is an end view of the antenna array 2355, coolant chambers 2360,separation ribs 2393 and scattering elements 2378 according to oneembodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention coolant channel 2360 c may be located beneath waveguideantenna 2364 c.

According to one embodiment of the invention cooling circuit 2376 mayinclude cooling fluid 2361, coolant conduit 2324, cooling fluid path2381, coolant supply tubing 2312, coolant return tubing 2313 and coolantdistribution tubing 2314. According to one embodiment of the inventioncooling fluid path 2381 may include cradle circuit 2385, cooling plate2340 and coolant chamber 2360. According to one embodiment of theinvention cooling fluid path 2381 may include cradle circuit 2385,cooling plate 2340, coolant chamber 2360 and coolant distribution tubing2314. According to one embodiment of the invention coolant distributiontubing 2314 is used to provide serial flow through cradle circuit 2385and coolant chambers 2360. According to one embodiment of the inventioncooling fluid 2361 may include water, de-ionized water or other suitablefluid. According to one embodiment of the invention cooling fluid 2361circulates from a coolant source 2310 outside applicator 2320, throughapplicator 2320 and back to coolant source 2310. According to oneembodiment of the invention cooling fluid 2361 may enter cooling fluidpath 2381 through coolant supply tubing 2312 and exits cooling fluidpath 2381 through coolant return tubing 2313. According to oneembodiment of the invention coolant return tubing 2313 may include athermocouple, such as, for example cooling path thermocouple 2326, tomeasure the temperature of cooling fluid 2361 leaving cooling circuit2376. According to one embodiment of the invention elements in coolingfluid path 2381 may be held in place using water sealing adhesives.According to one embodiment of the invention elements in cooling fluidpath 2381 may be held in place using adhesives having low waterabsorption. According to one embodiment of the invention elements incooling fluid path 2381 may be held in place using epoxy, Tri-BondFDA-16 (From TraCon) or UV curable adhesives. According to oneembodiment of the invention curved surfaces and rounded edges may beused throughout cooling fluid path 2381 to reduce or eliminateturbulence. According to one embodiment of the invention curved surfacesand rounded edges may be used throughout cooling fluid path 2381 toreduce or eliminate air bubbles. According to one embodiment of theinvention hydrophilic coatings may be used on selected surfaces in thecooling fluid path 2381 to reduce or eliminate turbulence. According toone embodiment of the invention hydrophilic coatings may be used onselected surfaces in cooling fluid path 2381 to reduce or eliminate airbubbles. According to one embodiment of the invention cradle circuit2385 includes pathways for the transmission of cooling fluid 2361through antenna cradle 2374. According to one embodiment of theinvention cradle circuit 2385 may be arranged either as a series circuitor a parallel circuit. According to one embodiment of the invention allor a portion of cradle circuit 2385 may be coated with a hydrophilicmaterial to facilitate the smooth flow of coolant and minimize thebuildup of bubbles, particularly in coolant chambers 2360. According toone embodiment of the invention, such as, for example where coolingfluid 2361 flows through coolant chambers 2360 in parallel, cradlecircuit 2385 may include cradle reservoirs 2387, including, a feedcradle reservoir 2387 and a return cradle reservoir 2387. According toone embodiment of the invention cradle reservoirs 2387 may act asfluidic capacitors, smoothing the flow of cooling fluid 2361 betweencoolant supply tubing 2312 and coolant chamber 2360. According to oneembodiment of the invention cradle reservoirs 2387 may hold a volume ofcooling fluid sufficient to ensure pressure is substantially equalizedacross all coolant chambers 2360. According to one embodiment of theinvention cradle reservoirs 2387 may hold a volume of cooling fluidsufficient to ensure flow rate is substantially equalized across allcoolant chambers 2360. According to one embodiment of the invention thevolume cradle reservoirs 2387 may be selected to equalize pressureacross cradle channels 2389. According to one embodiment of theinvention the volume cradle reservoirs 2387 may be selected to equalizeflow rates across cradle channels 2389. According to one embodiment ofthe invention a return cradle reservoir 2387 may be designed withequidistant cradle channels 2389 to equalize pressure across cradlechannels 2389. According to one embodiment of the invention, whereincooling fluid 2361 flows through each cooling chamber 2360 in series,the flow through cradle circuit 2385 each cradle channel 2389 isconnected directly to a cooling chamber 2360 with a return cradlechannel 2389 on the opposite side of cooling chamber 2360. According toone embodiment of the invention inlet and return cradle channels areconnected by coolant distribution tubing 2314. According to oneembodiment of the invention wherein cooling fluid 2361 flows througheach cooling chamber 2360 in parallel, cradle channels 2389 extend inparallel cradle reservoir 2387 to coolant chambers 2360. According toone embodiment of the invention the size, shape and positioning ofcradle channels 2389 may be selected to ensure that the flow ratethrough each coolant chamber is the same. According to one embodiment ofthe invention the size and shape of cradle channels 2389 may be the samefor all cradle channels 2389. According to one embodiment of theinvention the inputs to cradle channels 2389 may be spaced equallyacross the bottom of cradle reservoirs 2387. According to one embodimentof the invention the size, shape and positioning of cradle channels 2389may be selected to minimize turbulence and air bubbles in coolantchambers 2360. According to one embodiment of the invention the inputsto cradle channels 2389 from cradle reservoirs 2387. According to oneembodiment of the invention a cross-section of the section of cradlechannels 2389 between cradle reservoir 2387 and the inputs to coolantchambers 2360 may be formed in a wineglass or nozzle shape with theinput to coolant chambers 2360 being flared to the width of coolantchamber 2360. According to one embodiment of the invention the oppositecross section of cradle channels 2389 may be formed with flat walls.According to one embodiment of the invention a transition from thecradle channel 2389 to coolant chamber 2360 may be rounded. According toone embodiment of the invention coolant chamber 2360 may includeseparation ribs 2393. According to one embodiment of the inventioncooling fluid flowing through the coolant chamber 2360 may have a flowrate of between TS 200 milliliters per minute and 450 milliliters perminute and preferably 430 milliliters per minute. According to oneembodiment of the invention coolant chamber 2360 may be designed toensure that the flow rate through each coolant chamber 2360 issubstantially the same. According to one embodiment of the inventioncooling fluid flowing through coolant chamber 2360 may have atemperature of between 8 degrees centigrade and 22 degrees centigradeand preferably approximately 15 degrees centigrade. According to oneembodiment of the invention coolant chambers 2360 may be positionedbetween an aperture of waveguide antenna 2364 cooling plate 2340.According to one embodiment of the invention scattering elements 2378may extend into at least a portion of coolant chamber 2360. According toone embodiment of the invention scattering elements 2378 may extendthrough coolant chamber 2360. According to one embodiment of theinvention elements of coolant chamber 2360 may be smoothed to promotelaminar fluid flow through coolant chamber 2360. According to oneembodiment of the invention elements of coolant chamber 2360 may besmoothed to reduce the generation of air bubbles in coolant chamber2360. According to one embodiment of the invention scattering elementswhich extend into coolant chamber 2360 may be rounded to promote laminarflow and prevent the buildup of bubbles in coolant chamber 2360.According to one embodiment of the invention square edges or sharpcorners in coolant chamber 2360 may result in undesirable flowcharacteristics, including the generation of air bubbles, as coolingfluid moves through coolant chamber 2360. According to one embodiment ofthe invention separation ribs 2393 may be used to separate individualcoolant chambers 2360. According to one embodiment of the inventionseparation ribs 2393 may be placed to ensure that each coolant chamber2360 has a substantially identical cross section. According to oneembodiment of the invention separation ribs 2393 may have a square crosssection and be approximately 0.030 inches by 0.030 inches in size.According to one embodiment of the invention larger or smallerseparation ribs 2393 may be used to ensure that the cross sectional areaof each coolant chamber 2360 is the same. According to one embodiment ofthe invention separation ribs 2393 may be positioned such that they donot contact either the cooling plate or any portion of waveguideantennas 2364. According to one embodiment of the invention separationribs 2393 may be positioned such that they facilitate equalized coolingacross cooling plate 2340. According to one embodiment of the inventionseparation ribs 2393 may be sized such that they have a width which isequal to or less than the separation distance between apertures ofwaveguide antennas 2364. According to one embodiment of the inventionseparation ribs 2393 may be sized and positioned such that they are notpositioned an aperture of waveguide antenna 2364. According to oneembodiment of the invention separation ribs 2393 may be sized andpositioned such that they minimize perturbation of a microwave field asit travels through coolant chamber 2360. According to one embodiment ofthe invention separation ribs 2393 may be sized and positioned such thatthey minimize disruption of a microwave field as it travels throughcoolant chamber 2360. According to one embodiment of the inventionseparation ribs 2393 may be positioned by placing them in rib holders2396 at either end of coolant chamber 2360. According to one embodimentof the invention separation ribs 2393 may be positioned such that theydo not touch scattering element 2378. According to one embodiment of theinvention separation ribs 2393 may be positioned an appropriate distancefrom a proximal surface of cooling plate 2340 and preferably a distanceof approximately 0.010 inches from a proximal surface of the coolingplate 2340. According to one embodiment of the invention separation ribs2393 may be made of materials which minimize disruption or perturbationof the microwave field. According to one embodiment of the inventionseparation ribs 2393 may be made of materials which will not rust ordegrade in cooling fluid. According to one embodiment of the inventionseparation ribs 2393 may be made of polycarbonate materials. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention separation ribs 2393 may be made ofmaterials which increase the isolation between waveguide antennas.According to one embodiment of the invention separation ribs 2393 may bemade of materials which improve the SAR pattern in tissue. According toone embodiment of the invention separation ribs 2393 may be made ofEccosorb. According to one embodiment of the invention separation ribs2393 may be made of Eccosorb and coated to prevent separation ribs 2393from rusting in the cooling fluid.

FIG. 41 is a perspective view of waveguide assembly 2358 according toone embodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention waveguide assembly 2358 may include one or more isolationelements 2391 positioned between waveguide antennas 2364 a through 2364d. According to one embodiment of the invention waveguide assembly 2358may include a plurality of tuning elements 2390 and a plurality of feedconnectors 2388. According to one embodiment of the invention microwaveenergy may be supplied to each waveguide antenna through feed connectors2388. According to one embodiment of the invention waveguide assembly2358 may be held together by a waveguide assembly frame 2353. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention waveguide assembly frame 2353 mayinclude feed brackets 2351 and assembly bolts 2349.

FIG. 42 is a side view of waveguide assembly illustrated in FIG. 41.According to one embodiment of the invention scattering elements 2378are positioned at an output of waveguide antennas 2364. According to oneembodiment of the invention an output of waveguide antenna 2364 may alsobe referred to as an aperture of antenna 2364. According to oneembodiment of the invention scattering element 2378 a may be positionedat an output of waveguide antenna 2364 a. According to one embodiment ofthe invention scattering element 2378 b may be positioned at an outputof waveguide antenna 2364 b. According to one embodiment of theinvention scattering element 2378 c may be positioned at an output ofwaveguide antenna 2364 c. According to one embodiment of the inventionscattering element 2378 d may be positioned at an output of waveguideantenna 2364 d.

FIG. 43 is a cutaway view along G-G of waveguide assembly 2358 andscattering elements 2378 illustrated in FIG. 41. According to oneembodiment of the invention waveguide assembly 2358 includes one or morewaveguide antennas 2364, one or more feed brackets 2351 and one or moreisolation elements 2391. According to one embodiment of the inventionwaveguide assembly 2358 includes waveguide antennas 2364. According toone embodiment of the invention waveguide antennas 2364 may include adielectric filler 2368, waveguide walls 2366 and tuning element 2390.According to one embodiment of the invention waveguide antennas 2364 maybe manufactured by plating dielectric filler 2368 with an appropriateplating material. According to one embodiment of the invention feedshims 2397 may be used to match feed connectors 2388 to waveguideantennas 2364 when waveguide walls 2366 are plated over dielectricfiller 2368, ensuring appropriate contact between center insulator 2398and dielectric filler 2368.

FIG. 44 is a view of a section of cutaway view of waveguide assembly2358 illustrated in FIG. 43. According to one embodiment of theinvention waveguide assembly 2358 includes one or more waveguideantennas 2364, one or more feed brackets 2351 and one or more isolationelements 2391. According to one embodiment of the invention waveguideassembly 2358 includes waveguide antennas 2364. According to oneembodiment of the invention waveguide antennas 2364 may include adielectric filler 2368, waveguide walls 2366 and tuning element 2390.According to one embodiment of the invention feed shims 2397 may be usedto match feed connectors 2388 to waveguide antennas 2364 when waveguidewalls 2366 are plated over dielectric filler 2368, ensuring appropriatecontact between center insulator 2398 and dielectric filler 2368.

According to one embodiment of the invention isolation elements 2391 maybe designed to isolate the interactions between waveguide antennas 2364and to balance the loading conditions seen by inner waveguide antennas(such as, for example waveguide antennas 2364 a and 2364 d) and outerwaveguide antennas (such as, for example waveguide antennas 2364 b and2364 c). According to one embodiment of the invention isolation elements2391 may absorb a portion of the microwave energy which is not coupledinto tissue engaged by tissue chamber 2338. According to one embodimentof the invention isolation elements 2391 may absorb fringing fieldspresent a the metallic edges of an aperture of waveguide antenna 2364.According to one embodiment of the invention isolation elements 2391 maybe designed and positioned to ensure that each waveguide antenna 2364sees the same loading characteristics on each side of the waveguideantenna 2364.

According to one embodiment of the invention, such as the embodimentillustrated in FIG. 13, the need for isolation elements 2391 may beeliminated where the outer conductive walls of waveguide antennas 2364are machined to ensure that the width of conductive material (such as,for example, waveguide walls 2366) between the dielectric fillers 2368of adjacent waveguide antennas 2364 may be the same for all waveguideantennas 2364 in antenna array 2355. According to one embodiment of theinvention waveguide walls 2366 of the outer waveguide antennas 2364 aand 2364 d may be machined such that such wave guide walls 2366 are asthick as the distance between adjacent waveguide antennas 2364 inantenna array 2355. According to one embodiment of the inventionwaveguide antennas 2364 may be carefully constructed such that thethickness of waveguide walls 2366 are equal on all sides, eliminatingthe need for isolation elements 2391.

According to one embodiment of the invention isolation elements 2391 maybe positioned between antennas and on the outside of outer waveguideantennas 2364 a and 2364 d in antenna array 2355 to isolate waveguideantennas 2364. According to one embodiment of the invention isolationelements 2391 may be positioned to provide symmetric microwave loadingconditions for all waveguide antennas 2364 in the antenna array 2355.According to one embodiment of the invention Isolation elements 2391 maybe made from a material which absorbs microwave energy. According to oneembodiment of the invention isolation elements 2391 may be made fromEccosorb. According to one embodiment of the invention isolationelements 2391 which rust may be isolated from the cooling fluid.

According to one embodiment of the invention isolation elements 2391 maybe designed and positioned to minimize interaction between adjacentwaveguide antennas 2364 and balance the load seen by adjacent waveguideantennas 2364. If waveguide antennas are too close together, the SARpatterns they generate may not be symmetrical or of equal strength. Ifwaveguide antennas 2364 are too far apart, the lesions will not becontiguous. According to one embodiment of the invention the spacebetween the dielectric filler 2368 in antenna array 2355 may be made upof the thickness of waveguide walls 2366 of waveguide antenna 2364 andthe thickness of the isolation element or elements positioned betweenmicrowave antennas. According to one embodiment of the invention thespace between dielectric fillers 2368 in antenna array 2355 may bebetween approximately 0.012 inches and 0.080 inches and preferablyapproximately 0.030 inches. According to one embodiment of the inventionantenna array 2355 may have waveguide walls 2366 with a platingthickness of approximately 0.003 inches, isolation elements 2391 mayhave a thickness of approximately 0.024 inches. According to oneembodiment of the invention wherein the frequency of interest isapproximately 5.8 GHz, isolation elements 2391 may have a dielectricconstant of between approximately 25 and approximately 40 and preferablyof approximately 27. According to one embodiment of the inventionwherein the frequency of interest is approximately 5.8 GHz, isolationelements 2391 may have a loss tangent (tan δ) of between approximately0.02 and approximately 0.07 and preferably of approximately 0.04.According to one embodiment of the invention wherein the frequency ofinterest is approximately 5.8 GHz, isolation elements 2391 may have acomplex permeability of between approximately 1.5+j3.4 and approximately7+j5.6 and preferably of approximately 2.7+j3.4.

FIG. 45 is a side view of an alternate embodiment of a waveguideassembly according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 46 is acutaway view the waveguide assembly illustrated in FIG. 45. According toone embodiment of the invention microwave chokes 2386 may also be usedas isolation elements 2391. According to one embodiment of the inventionmicrowave chokes 2386 may be formed using short metallic shims (set at afixed distance back from the waveguide aperture) between waveguideantennas 2364 and metal flanges on outside microwave antennas 2364.According to one embodiment of the invention microwave chokes 2386 maybe utilized in waveguide assembly 2358 to achieve isolation and SARconsistency among waveguide antennas 2364 in waveguide assembly 2358.According to one embodiment of the invention in the spaces betweenwaveguide antennas 2364, microwave chokes 2386 are created by separatingwaveguide antennas 2364 with metallic shims of a certain thickness setat a certain distance from the aperture of waveguide antennas 2364.According to one embodiment of the invention on the outer sides of theouter waveguide antennas 2364 microwave chokes 2386 are achieved using aflange consisting of the same size metallic shim set at the samedistance from the aperture and a metal plate going from the shim to theface of the waveguide. According to one embodiment of the inventionmicrowave chokes 2386 create a propagation path for fringing fieldsexisting at the long edges of the radiating face of the aperture ofwaveguide antennas 2364. According to one embodiment of the inventionthe microwave choke structure allows this fringing signal to be coupledinto the microwave chokes 2386 in a symmetric way for both the inner andouter microwave antennas 2364 in waveguide assembly 2358. Thus, themicrowave chokes 2386 may enhance the isolation within waveguideassembly 2358 by reducing the interaction between adjacent waveguideantennas 2364, as well as enhance the consistency of the SAR patternamong waveguide antennas 2364 by introducing symmetric loadingconditions at the aperture of waveguide antennas 2364.

FIG. 47 is a schematic diagram of system 2309 according to oneembodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention system 2309 may include an isolation transformer 2316, acoolant source 2310 a generator 2301 and applicator 2320. According toone embodiment of the invention isolation transformer 2316 may beconnected to AC power supply 2318. According to one embodiment of theinvention isolation transformer 2316 may supply power to generator 2301and coolant source 2310. According to one embodiment of the inventiongenerator 2301 may include DC power supply 2303, controller 2302,microwave chain 2403 (which may be, for example a series of microwavecomponents) and vacuum source 2308. According to one embodiment of theinvention controller 2302 may manage all system level inputs andcontrols such as: power and timer settings from the front panel 2305;input from start button 2464; input from stop button 2466; hardwareerrors from the microwave circuit (reverse power error, amplifierfault); temperature and installation errors from the applicator; andsending measured data to interface 2420 for recording reverse power,forward power and tissue temperature and coolant temperature at discretetimes. According to one embodiment of the invention controller 2302 mayalso control antenna switch 2357, vacuum pump 2450 and the vacuumsolenoid 2315. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuumsource 2308 may include vacuum pump/drive 2307 and vacuum solenoid 2315.According to one embodiment of the invention DC power supply 2303 maysupply power to microwave chain 2403 and to controller 2302. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention controller 2302 may ensure thatmicrowave chain 2403 operates to specification. According to oneembodiment of the invention microwave chain 2403 may be connected tocontroller 2302. According to one embodiment of the invention controller2302 may be connected to vacuum pump/drive 2307 by vacuum power signal2323 and to vacuum solenoid 2315 by solenoid control signal 2321.According to one embodiment of the invention DC Power supply 2303 maybe, for example, a medical 650 Watt, +12 Volt switching power supply,model PM650-12C, available from Tumbler Technologies. According to oneembodiment of the invention vacuum pump 2450 may be, for example, arotary vane pump, model number 15988, available from Clark FlowSolutions. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum solenoid2315 may be, for example, a solenoid valve, three way, normally closed,exhaust to atmosphere model LW53KK8DGBG12/DC available from Peter PaulElectronics Co. According to one embodiment of the invention applicator2320 may be connected to generator 2301 by applicator cable 2334.According to one embodiment of the invention applicator cable 2334 mayinclude coolant conduit 2324, energy cable 2322, coolant thermocouplewires 2331, cooling plate thermocouple wires 2330 and antenna switchsignal 2481. According to one embodiment of the invention coolantconduit 2324 may be connected to a coolant source 2310. According to oneembodiment of the invention coolant conduit 2324 may include coolantsupply tubing 2312 and coolant return tubing 2313. According to oneembodiment of the invention coolant may be supplied to applicator 2320through coolant supply tubing 2312. According to one embodiment of theinvention coolant is returned to coolant source 2310 thought coolantreturn tubing 2313. According to one embodiment of the invention energycable 2322 may be connected to generator 2301 by microwave outputconnector 2443. According to one embodiment of the invention energycable 2322 may connect antenna switch 2357 in applicator 2320 tomicrowave chain 2403 in generator 2301 through microwave outputconnector 2443. According to one embodiment of the invention coolantthermocouple wires 2331 and antenna thermocouple wires 2330 may beconnected to generator 2301 by temperature connector 2482. According toone embodiment of the invention coolant thermocouple wires 2331 mayconnect cooling path thermocouple 2326 in applicator 2320 to controller2302 in generator 2301 through temperature connector 2482. According toone embodiment of the invention cooling plate thermocouple wires 2330may connect cooling plate thermocouples 2395 in applicator 2320 tocontroller 2302 in generator 2301 through temperature connector 2482.According to one embodiment of the invention antenna switch signal 2481may be connected to generator 2301 by antenna switch connector 2480.According to one embodiment of the invention antenna switch signal 2481may connect antenna switch 2357 in applicator 2320 to controller 2302 ingenerator 2301 through antenna switch connector 2480. According to oneembodiment of the invention disposable 2363 may be connected togenerator 2301 by vacuum tubing 2319 which may include generatorbio-barrier 2317. According to one embodiment of the invention in system2309 vacuum tubing 2319 may be connected to generator 2301 by vacuumport connector 2484. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuumtubing 2319 may connect disposable 2363 to vacuum solenoid 2315 throughvacuum port connector 2484. According to one embodiment of the inventioncoolant source 2310 supplies cooling fluid 2361 (not shown) toapplicator 2320. According to one embodiment of the invention coolantsource 2310 may be a NanoTherm Chiller, available from ThemoTek, Inc.According to one embodiment of the invention cooling fluid 2361 fromcoolant source 2310 has a temperature range of between approximately 5and 40 degrees centigrade and preferably a temperature of approximatelyfifteen degrees centigrade. According to one embodiment of the inventioncoolant source 2310 may have a flow rate of between approximately twohundred and one thousand milliliters per minute and preferably ofapproximately five hundred millimeters per minute. According to oneembodiment of the invention coolant source 2310 may be a solid-statechiller designed to chill cooling fluid 2361 and pump the chilledcooling fluid 2361 through applicator 2320 and coolant chamber 2360 toprotect the skin engaged in tissue chamber 2338 from thermal damage.According to one embodiment of the invention coolant source 2310 may bea solid-state chiller designed to chill cooling fluid 2361 and pump thechilled cooling fluid 2361 through applicator 2320 and coolant chamber2360 to protect a first layer of skin engaged in tissue chamber 2338from thermal damage.

FIG. 48 is a schematic diagram of microwave chain 2403 according to oneembodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention oscillator 2304 may be connected to isolator 2401 a which maybe connected to switch 2402 (which may be, for example, a Single PoleSingle Throw SPST reflective pin diode switch) which may be connected toattenuator 2408 a (which may be, for example, a fixed attenuator) whichmay be connected to bandpass filter 2404 which may be connected toamplifier 2306 which may be connected to isolator 2401 b which may beconnected to directional coupler 2406. According to one embodiment ofthe invention oscillator 2304 may have an output frequency ofapproximately 5.8 GHz. According to one embodiment of the inventionoscillator 2304 providing a stable 5.8 GHz low power signal. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention isolators 2401 a may be used toprotect oscillator 2304 from reflected power signals from amplifier2306. According to one embodiment of the invention filtering circuitryincludes bandpass filter 2404 having a center frequency at the frequencyof interest. According to one embodiment of the invention filteringcircuitry includes bandpass filter 2404 having a center frequency atapproximately 5.8 GHz. According to one embodiment of the inventionfiltering circuitry includes bandpass filter 2404 may be a waveguidecavity filter which eliminates out of band inputs into the poweramplifier. According to one embodiment of the invention filteringcircuitry includes bandpass filter 2404 may have a 3 dB bandwidth ofapproximately 25 MHz. According to one embodiment of the inventionamplifier 2306 may be an amplifier adapted to amplify signals at thefrequency of interest. According to one embodiment of the inventionamplifier 2306 may be an amplifier adapted to amplify signals at 5.8GHz. According to one embodiment of the invention amplifier 2306 may bean S51500-05 amplifier available from Locus Microwave. According to oneembodiment of the invention amplifier 2306 may include internal biasingcircuitry, matching circuitry and control circuitry adapted to maintainthe stability and provide appropriate matching and power output at thefrequency of interest. According to one embodiment of the inventionamplifier 2306 may be adapted to amplify incoming signals by 54 dB.According to one embodiment of the invention isolator 2401 b may be usedto protect amplifier 2306 from reflected power signals. According to oneembodiment of the invention energy cable 2322 may carry the microwaveenergy out from directional coupler 2406 out of microwave chain 2403.According to one embodiment of the invention directional coupler 2406may further be connected to attenuator 2408 b which may be connected beconnected to power detector 2409 b. According to one embodiment of theinvention an output of power detector 2409 b may be forward power signal2415. According to one embodiment of the invention directional coupler2406 may further be connected to attenuator 2408 c which may which maybe connected to power detector 2409 a. According to one embodiment ofthe invention a pair of power detectors 2409 b and 2409 a may be used tomeasure forward and reverse power. According to one embodiment of theinvention an output of attenuator 2409 a may be reverse power signal2417. According to one embodiment of the invention microwave chain 2403may be connected to microwave control signals 2413. According to oneembodiment of the invention microwave control signals 2413 may includePWM control signal 2405, fault signal 2407, mute signal 2411, forwardpower signal 2415 and reverse power signal 2417. According to oneembodiment of the invention PWM control signal 2405 may be connected toswitch 2402. According to one embodiment of the invention fault signal2407 may be generated by amplifier 2306. According to one embodiment ofthe invention mute signal 2411 may be connected to amplifier 2306.According to one embodiment of the invention power detectors 2409 maybe, for example, a coaxial tunnel diode detector.

According to one embodiment of the invention power control works bycomparing forward power signal 2415 measured at directional coupler 2406to the requested power from power control knob 2454. According to oneembodiment of the invention power may be sampled from the output ofamplifier 2306 by directional coupler 2406 which is connected to powerdetector 2409 b. According to one embodiment of the inventiondirectional coupler 2406 may be used to route forward and reflectedpower to power detectors 2409 a and 2409 b (which may be, for example,coaxial tunnel diode detectors). According to one embodiment of theinvention the output of power detectors 2409 a and 2409 b may be read byconverter circuitry in controller 2302 and fed back to switch 2402 whichcontrols the input to amplifier 2306. According to one embodiment of theinvention the duty cycle of switch 2402 may control the output powerlevel from microwave chain 2403 with the percent time on of switch 2402proportional to the percent of max output power generated from microwavechain 2403. According to one embodiment of the invention a microwavechain with a 100 watt maximum output would may provide a 40 watt outputfrom microwave chain 2403 when switch 2402 is driven at a 40% dutycycle. According to one embodiment of the invention switch 2402 may beoperated at a modulation frequency where the output of the pin diode islinear. According to one embodiment of the invention switch 2402 may beoperated at a modulation frequency of approximately 7.2 kHz.

FIG. 49 is a schematic diagram of controller 2302 according to oneembodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention conditioning circuitry 2410 a may be connected to analog todigital converter 2412 a which may be connected to forward power lookuptable 2414 which may be connected to multiplexer and UART (UniversalAsynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) state machine 2418 which may beconnected to interface 2420 (which may be, for example, an isolatedRS232 interface). According to one embodiment of the invention forwardpower lookup table 2414 may also be connected to comparator 2424 (whichmay be, for example, a digital comparator) which may be connected topulse width modulation state machine 2422 which may be connected tologic 2438. According to one embodiment of the invention a duty cyclecircuit, including logic 2438 may be used to provide a pulse widthmodulation (PWM) control signal 2405 to control the level of outputpower through energy cable 2322. According to one embodiment of theinvention conditioning circuitry 2410 b may be connected to analog todigital converter 2412 b which may be connected to reverse power lookuptable 2416 which may be connected to multiplexer and UART state machine2418 and fault logic 2434. According to one embodiment of the inventionreverse power look-up table 2416 and conditioning circuit 2410 bconditions the voltage from power detector 2409 a in order to produce acharacteristic measurement of reverse power. According to one embodimentof the invention reverse power look-up table 2416 and conditioningcircuit 2410 b outputs a signal for downstream circuitry to eitherrecord the measured reverse power, or to make safety decisions.According to one embodiment of the invention conditioning circuitry 2410c may be connected to analog to digital converter 2412 c which may beconnected to multiplexer and UART state machine 2418 and fault logic2434. According to one embodiment of the invention conditioningcircuitry 2410 d may be connected to analog to digital converter 2412 dwhich may be connected to multiplexer and UART state machine 2418 andfault logic 2434. According to one embodiment of the inventionmultiplexer 2426 may be connected to antenna select state machine mastercontroller 2442 which may be connected to timer state machine 2440 whichmay be connected to logic 2438. According to one embodiment of theinvention circuitry antenna select state machine master controller 2442is provided to control antenna switching in an applicator 2320 employinga multiple antenna array 2355. According to one embodiment of theinvention multiplexer 2426 may be connected to conditioning circuitry2410 d. According to one embodiment of the invention antenna selectstate machine master controller 2442 may be connected to logic 2438.According to one embodiment of the invention analog to digital converter2412 e may be connected to comparator 2424 and multiplexer and UARTstate machine 2418 and fault logic 2434.

According to one embodiment of the invention microwave control signals2413 connects microwave chain 2403 to switch 2402. According to oneembodiment of the invention forward power signal 2415 may be an input toconditioning circuitry 2410 a. According to one embodiment of theinvention reverse power signal 2417 may be an input to conditioningcircuitry 2410 a. According to one embodiment of the invention coolanttemperature signal 2431 may be an input to conditioning circuitry 2410c. According to one embodiment of the invention antenna thermocouplecable 2433 may be an input to multiplexer 2426. According to oneembodiment of the invention foot pedal signal 2437 may be an input totimers state machine 2440. According to one embodiment of the inventionpower control signal 2453 may be an input to analog to digital converter2412 e. According to one embodiment of the invention filtered coolanttemperature signal 2461 may be an output from conditioning circuitry2410 c. According to one embodiment of the invention filtered antennatemperature signal 2459 may be an output from conditioning circuitry2410 d. According to one embodiment of the invention antenna selectsignal 2463 may be an input to and output from antenna select statemachine master controller 2442. According to one embodiment of theinvention stop signal 2467 may be an input to and output from timersstate machine 2440. According to one embodiment of the invention startsignal 2465 may be an input to and output from timers state machine2440. According to one embodiment of the invention post-cool timersignal 2473 may be an input to and output of timers state machine 2440.According to one embodiment of the invention energy timer signal 2471may be input to and an output of timers state machine 2440. According toone embodiment of the invention pre-cool time signal 2469 may be aninput to and output of timers state machine 2440. According to oneembodiment of the invention buzzer signal 2479 may be an output of logic2438. According to one embodiment of the invention ready signal 2477 maybe an output of logic 2438. According to one embodiment of the inventionsolenoid control signal 2321 may be an output of logic 2438. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention antenna switch signal 2481 may be anoutput of logic 2438. According to one embodiment of the invention PWMcontrol signal 2405 may be an output of logic 2438. According to oneembodiment of the invention mute signal 2411 may be an output of logic2438. According to one embodiment of the invention antenna switch signal2490 may be an input to fault logic 2434. According to one embodiment ofthe invention fault signal 2475 may be an output of fault logic 2434.According to one embodiment of the invention fault signal 2475 may be aninput to logic 2438 and timers state machine 2440. According to oneembodiment of the invention serial signal 2445 may be connected tointerface 2420.

According to one embodiment of the invention controller 2302 andmicrowave chain 2403 may include a pulse width modulation (PWM) servoproviding feedback to control the power output of amplifier 2306.According to one embodiment of the invention a pulse width modulationservo may control switch 2402 (which may be a pin diode switch),attenuators 2408 b and 2408 c, power detectors 2409 a and 2409 b andconverter circuitry in controller 2302. According to one embodiment ofthe invention power output may be controlled by controlling the dutycycle of signal input to amplifier 2306. According to one embodiment ofthe invention the input power to amplifier 2306 may be maintainedthrough the delivery cycle to ensure stability and linearity inamplifier 2306.

According to one embodiment of the invention controller 2302 generatesPWM control signal 2405 to switch 2402 for the purpose of controllingpower out of microwave chain 2403. According to one embodiment of theinvention controller 2302 works by taking power control signal 2453(which may be, for example an input reference voltage) from powercontrol knob 2454 on front panel 2305. According to one embodiment ofthe invention when the user initializes power by pressing start button2464, power control signal 2453 is used by controller 2302 to generatethe requested forward power. According to one embodiment of theinvention after a short time the duty cycle circuit will operateaccording to measured feedback from forward power detector 2409 b.According to one embodiment of the invention a comparison of the actualmeasured forward power signal 2415 against the requested forward powerwill be carried out. According to one embodiment of the inventioncontroller 2302 shall make small adjustments to PWM control signal 2405in order to maintain the forward power out of microwave chain 2403within specification to the requested forward power setting. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention of PWM control signal 2405 may bebetween approximately 7.0 KHz and approximately 7.5 KHz and preferablyapproximately 7.2 KHz. According to one embodiment of the invention ofPWM control signal 2405 may be approximately 100 percent.

According to one embodiment of the invention forward power look-up table2414 and conditioning circuitry 2410 a (which may include filtering andamplification circuitry) conditions the voltage from power detector 2409b in order to produce a characteristic measurement of forward power.According to one embodiment of the invention forward power look-up table2414 and conditioning circuitry 2410 a outputs a signal for downstreamcircuitry to either record the measured forward power, or to makecontrol and safety decisions. According to one embodiment of theinvention forward power look-up table 2414 and conditioning circuitry2410 a to produce an output voltage signal representing the measuredforward power. According to one embodiment of the invention forwardpower look-up table 2414 may be calibrated to compensate for thecharacteristics of individual power detectors 2409 b and amplifiers2306. According to one embodiment of the invention reverse power look-uptable 2416 may be specifically calibrated to compensate for thecharacteristics of individual power detector 2409 a and amplifier 2306.

FIG. 50 is a schematic diagram of back panel 2311 according to oneembodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention back panel 2311 includes foot switch connector 2436 and serialinterface connector 2444. According to one embodiment of the inventionfoot switch connector 2436 may be connected to foot pedal signal 2437.According to one embodiment of the invention serial interface connector2444 may be connected to serial signal 2445.

FIG. 51 is a schematic diagram of front panel 2305 according to oneembodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention front panel 2305 may include power control knob 2454, vacuumcontrol knob 2456, temperature connector 2482, antenna switch connector2480, vacuum meter 2486, vacuum port connector 2484, antenna selectswitch 2462, temperature display 2457, start button 2464, stop button2466, microwave output connector 2443, pre-cool timer 2468, energy timer2470, post-cool timer 2472, fault indicator 2474, ready indicator 2476and buzzer 2478. According to one embodiment of the inventiontemperature connector 2482 may include coolant temperature connector2430 and one or more antenna temperature connector 2429. According toone embodiment of the invention antenna temperature connector 2429 mayinclude antenna temperature connector 2429 a through antenna temperatureconnector 2429 d. According to one embodiment of the inventiontemperature display 2457 may include antenna temperature display 2458and coolant temperature display 2460.

According to one embodiment of the invention a user interface may be agenerator front panel 2305 including user input controls (such as, forexample power control knob 2454, vacuum control knob 2456, start button2464 and stop button 2466, antenna select switch 2462, pre-cool timer2468, energy timer 2470 and post-cool timer 2472), user feedback (suchas, for example vacuum meter 2486, antenna select switch 2462,temperature display 2457, pre-cool timer 2468, energy timer 2470 andpost-cool timer 2472) and connectors (such as, for example, temperatureconnector 2482, vacuum port connector 2484, antenna switch connector2480 and microwave output connector 2443). According to one embodimentof the invention tissue temperature is measured for each selectedwaveguide antenna 2364 and displayed on front panel 2305 by antennatemperature display 2458 during energy delivery. According to oneembodiment of the invention coolant temperature is continuously measuredand displayed on front panel 2305 by coolant temperature display 2460during energy delivery. According to one embodiment of the inventionwaveguide antennas 2364 may be selected for microwave energy deliveryfrom front panel 2305 by engaging the appropriate antenna selectbuttons, such as, for example, energy select buttons associated withantenna select switch 2462. According to one embodiment of the inventionenergy may be delivered to each selected waveguide antenna 2364 for apredetermined energy timer period.

According to one embodiment of the invention a user interface, such as,for example, generator front panel 2305 may provide user feedback.According to one embodiment of the invention user feedback may include adisplay of cooling plate temperature (which may be indicative of skintemperature, for each waveguide antenna in the waveguide array using,for example antenna temperature display 2458. According to oneembodiment of the invention user feedback may include a display ofcooling fluid temperature in the applicator at the output of the coolingfluid path using, for example, coolant temperature display 2460.According to one embodiment of the invention user feedback may includean indication of the vacuum pressure at the vacuum output using, forexample, vacuum meter 2486. According to one embodiment of the inventionuser feedback may include a ready indicator, indicating when the systemis ready to use, such as, for example ready indicator 2476. According toone embodiment of the invention user feedback may include a faultindicator, indicating when a fault has occurred, such as, for example,fault indicator 2474. According to one embodiment of the inventionantenna temperature display 2458 reports the temperature at the coolingplate thermocouple 2395 positioned under the first active connectedwaveguide antenna 2364 prior to initiating a therapy cycle. According toone embodiment of the invention temperature measured at cooling platethermocouple 2395 may be indicative of the temperature of the skinsurface underlying the tissue bio-barrier 2337 adjacent cooling platethermocouple 2395. According to one embodiment of the inventiontemperature measured at cooling plate thermocouple 2395 may beproportional to the temperature of the skin surface underlying thetissue bio-barrier 2337 adjacent cooling plate thermocouple 2395.According to one embodiment of the invention once a therapy cycle isinitiated, antenna temperature display 2458 reports the temperature ofthe tissue under each waveguide antenna 2364 as it is activated and,once the therapy cycle is complete, the antenna temperature display 2458continues to show the tissue temperature under the last active waveguideantenna 2364.

According to one embodiment of the invention power control signal 2453may be an output from power control knob 2454. According to oneembodiment of the invention vacuum control input signal 2455 may be anoutput from vacuum control knob 2456. According to one embodiment of theinvention coolant thermocouple wires 2331 may be an input to coolanttemperature connector 2430. According to one embodiment of the inventioncoolant temperature signal 2431 may be an output from coolanttemperature connector 2430. According to one embodiment of the inventioncooling plate thermocouple wires 2330 may be an input to antennatemperature connector 2429. According to one embodiment of the inventionantenna thermocouple cable 2433 may be an output from antennatemperature connector 2429. According to one embodiment of the inventionantenna switch signal 2481 may be an input to antenna switch connector2480. According to one embodiment of the invention antenna switch signal2490 may be an output from antenna switch connector 2480. According toone embodiment of the invention antenna select signal 2463 may be aninput to and output from antenna select switch 2462. According to oneembodiment of the invention filtered antenna temperature signal 2459 maybe an input to antenna temperature display 2458. According to oneembodiment of the invention filtered coolant temperature signal 2461 maybe an input to coolant temperature display 2460. According to oneembodiment of the invention start signal 2465 may be an input to andoutput from start button 2464. According to one embodiment of theinvention stop signal 2467 may be an input to and output from stopbutton 2466. According to one embodiment of the invention energy cable2322 may be an input to microwave output connector 2443. According toone embodiment of the invention pre-cool time signal 2469 may be aninput to and output from pre-cool timer 2468. According to oneembodiment of the invention energy timer signal 2471 may be an input toenergy timer 2470. According to one embodiment of the inventionpost-cool timer signal 2473 may be an input to and output from post-cooltimer 2472. According to one embodiment of the invention fault signal2475 may be an input to fault signal 2474. According to one embodimentof the invention ready signal 2477 may be an input to ready indicator2476. According to one embodiment of the invention buzzer signal 2479may be an input to buzzer 2478.

FIG. 52 is a schematic diagram of vacuum source 2308 according to oneembodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention vacuum source 2308 may include vacuum solenoid 2315 and vacuumpump/drive 2307. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuumpump/drive 2307 may include variable voltage drive 2452 and vacuum pump2450. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum control inputsignal 2455 may be an input to variable voltage drive 2452 and solenoidcontrol signal 2321 may be an input to vacuum solenoid 2315. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention solenoid control signal 2321 may bean input to vacuum solenoid 2315. According to one embodiment of theinvention vacuum pump/drive 2307 may be connected to vacuum solenoid2315 by tubing 2427.

FIG. 53 is a schematic diagram of a microwave control circuit 2419according to one embodiment of the invention. According to oneembodiment of the invention microwave control circuit may be a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) control circuit adapted to control energy outputat 2322. According to one embodiment of the invention microwave controlcircuit 2419 may include oscillator 2304, isolator 2401 a, switch 2402,attenuator 2408 a, bandpass filter 2404, amplifier 2306, isolator 2401 band directional coupler 2406. According to one embodiment of theinvention mute signal 2411 may be an input to amplifier 2306. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention microwave control circuit 2419 mayhave an output energy cable 2322 which may carry microwave energy to anapplicator 2320. According to one embodiment of the invention microwavecontrol circuit 2419 may include attenuators 2408 b and 2408 c, powerdetectors 2409 a and 2409 b. According to one embodiment of theinvention an output of power detector 2409 a may be reverse power signal2417. According to one embodiment of the invention an output of powerdetector 2409 b may be forward power signal 2415. According to oneembodiment of the invention reverse power signal 2417 may be an input toreverse power lookup table and conditioning circuitry 2423. According toone embodiment of the invention reverse power lookup table andconditioning circuitry 2423 may output reverse power error signal 2428.According to one embodiment of the invention reverse power lookup tableand conditioning circuitry 2423 may output reverse power reading 2435.According to one embodiment of the invention forward power signal 2415may be an input to forward power lookup table and conditioning circuitry2421. According to one embodiment of the invention energy deliveryon/off signal 2439 may be an input to forward power look-up table andconditioning circuitry 2421. According to one embodiment of theinvention power control signal 2453 may be an input to forward powerlook-up table and conditioning circuitry 2421. According to oneembodiment of the invention forward power look-up table and conditioningcircuitry 2421 may have an input to reverse power lookup table andconditioning circuitry 2423. According to one embodiment of theinvention forward power look-up table and conditioning circuitry 2421may output forward output power error 2441. According to one embodimentof the invention forward power look-up table and conditioning circuitry2421 may output forward output power error 2441. According to oneembodiment of the invention forward power look-up table and conditioningcircuitry 2421 may output forward power signal 2446. According to oneembodiment of the invention forward power look-up table and conditioningcircuitry 2421 may output forward power signal 2446 to duty cyclecircuit 2425. According to one embodiment of the invention power controlsignal 2453 and start signal 2465 may be inputs to duty cycle circuit2425. According to one embodiment of the invention two modules, usingforward power look-up table and conditioning circuitry 2421 and reversepower look-up table and conditioning circuitry 2423 to convert forwardand reverse power readings to usable control signals and fault signals.According to one embodiment of the invention a look-up table is includedin reverse power look-up table and conditioning circuit 2423 to producethe output voltage signal representing the measured reverse power.According to one embodiment of the invention each look-up table inreverse power look-up table and conditioning circuit 2423 is calibratedto the diode and amplifier in the circuit.

FIGS. 54 to 58 are schematic diagrams of a patient positioning apparatus2492 according to one embodiment of the invention. According to oneembodiment of the invention patient positioning apparatus 2492 includesarm supports 2493. According to one embodiment of the invention patientpositioning apparatus 2492 includes center support 2494. According toone embodiment of the invention patient positioning apparatus 2492includes base 2495. According to one embodiment of the invention patientpositioning apparatus 2492 includes head rest 2496. According to oneembodiment of the invention patient positioning apparatus 2492 may beused to properly position the patient. According to one embodiment ofthe invention, according to one embodiment of the invention arm supports2493 may form an angle (A) of between approximately 15 degrees andapproximately 35 degrees with center support 2494. According to oneembodiment of the invention, according to one embodiment of theinvention arm supports 2493 may form an angle of approximatelytwenty-five degrees with center support 2494. According to oneembodiment of the invention, according to one embodiment of theinvention patent positioning apparatus 2492 may have a dimension (B) ofapproximately 22 centimeters between arm supports 2493. According to oneembodiment of the invention patient positioning apparatus 2492 mayfurther include a disposable cover (not shown) which may be changed foreach patient.

FIG. 59 is a schematic diagram of a treatment template 2483 according toone embodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment of theinvention treatment template 2483 may be a flexible, transparent base.According to one embodiment of the invention a suitable treatmenttemplate 2483 may include a number of openings arranged in apredetermined pattern. According to one embodiment of the invention eachopening or group of openings may be used to identify a particulartreatment element. According to one embodiment of the invention anopening or group of openings, such as, for example, device positionsites 2487, may be used to mark an area of the treatment region whereapplicator 2320 is to be placed. According to one embodiment of theinvention an opening or group of openings, such as, for exampleapplicator placement marks 2489, may be used to mark the skin where theapplicator alignment features 2352 may be to be positioned. According toone embodiment of the invention an opening or group of openings, suchas, for example, anesthesia injection marks 2485 may be used to mark theskin where the anesthesia is to be injected. According to one embodimentof the invention injecting anesthesia under the center of the antennaaperture may increase predictability of the outcome and reduce theamount of fluid needed for each treatment. According to one embodimentof the invention marks on the template may also be used to indicate howmany of the antennas in an array may be used according to the positionof the applicator on the axilla. According to one embodiment of theinvention holes in the template, such as, for example, landmarkalignment marks 2491 may also be used to align treatment template 2493with landmarks (such as, for example tattoos, temporary tattoos, skintags, skin folds, hair patterns, sharpie marks or moles) on the patient.

FIG. 60 is simplified cutaway view of a medical treatment device 2300with tissue engaged according to one embodiment of the invention. In theembodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 60 skin 1307 is engagedin tissue chamber 2338. In the embodiment of the invention illustratedin FIG. 60 dermis 1305 and hypodermis 1303 are engaged in tissue chamber2338. In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 60, skinsurface 1306 is engaged in tissue chamber 2338 such that skin surface1306 is in contact with at least a portion of chamber wall 2354 and inthermal contact with at least a portion of cooling plate 2340. In theembodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 60, skin surface 1306 isengaged in tissue chamber 2338 such that skin surface 1306 is in contactwith at least a portion of tissue interface 2336. As illustrated in FIG.60, a vacuum pressure may be used to elevate dermis 1305 and hypodermis1303, separating dermis 1305 and hypodermis 1303 from muscle 1301. Asillustrated in FIG. 60, vacuum pressure may be used to elevate dermis1305 and hypodermis 1303, separating dermis 1305 and hypodermis 1303from muscle 1301 to, for example, protect muscle 1301 by limiting oreliminating the electromagnetic energy which reaches muscle 1301.

FIGS. 61 through 64 illustrate tissue profiles and a simplified diagramof a medical treatment device 2300 according to embodiments of theinvention. According to one embodiment of the invention waveguideassembly 2358 may include waveguide antenna 2364. According to oneembodiment of the invention electromagnetic energy, such as, forexample, microwave energy may be radiated into dermis 1305 throughtissue head 2362 which may be, for example an integrated or attacheddisposable 2363. According to one embodiment of the invention medicaltreatment device 2300 may include coolant chamber 2360 and cooling plate2340. In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIGS. 61 through64, a peak which may be, for example, a peak SAR, peak power lossdensity or peak temperature, is generated in first tissue region 1309.In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIGS. 61 through 64, areduced magnitude which may be, for example, a reduced SAR, reducedpower loss density or reduced temperature, is generated in second tissueregion 1311 with further reduced magnitudes in third tissue region 1313and fourth tissue region 1315. As illustrated in FIGS. 61 through 64dermis 1305 is separated from hypodermis 1303 by interface 1308. Asillustrated in FIGS. 61, 63 and 64 interface 1308 may be idealized as asubstantially straight line for the purposes of simplified illustration,however, as illustrated in FIG. 64, in actual tissue, interface 1308 maybe a non-linear, non continuous, rough interface which may also includemany tissue structures and groups of tissue structures which cross andinterrupt tissue interface 1308. As illustrated in FIGS. 61 through 64,hypodermis 1303 lies over muscle tissue 1301. According to oneembodiment of the invention electromagnetic radiation may be radiated ata frequency of, for example, between 5 and 6.5 GHz. According to oneembodiment of the invention electromagnetic radiation may be radiated ata frequency of, for example, approximately 5.8 GHz. According to oneembodiment of the invention field spreader 2379 (which may be, forexample a scattering element 2378) may be located in coolant chamber2360. In embodiments of the invention, such as, for example, theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 64 field spreader 2379 may be used to,for example, spread and flatten first tissue region 1309. In theembodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 64 field spreader 2379may be used to, for example, spread and flatten lesions formed in firsttissue region 1309. According to one embodiment of the invention thecreation of lesions, such as, for example, the lesions illustrated inFIGS. 61 through 64 may be used to treat the skin of patients. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention the creation of lesions, such as, forexample, the lesions illustrated in FIGS. 61 through 64 may be used todamage or destroy structures, such as, for example, sweat glands in theskin of a patient.

According to one embodiment of the invention disposable 2363 includes anumber of advantageous features. According to one embodiment of theinvention vacuum pressure may be evenly distributed to either side oftissue bio-barrier 2337. According to one embodiment of the inventionvacuum pressure may be evenly distributed to tissue chamber 2338 and theapplicator chamber 2346 when equilibrium is achieved. According to oneembodiment of the invention use of a stretchable tissue bio-barrier 2337and vacuum balance ensures that tissue bio-barrier 2337 will conform tothe distal end of applicator 2320 to prevent air bubbles from formingbetween tissue bio-barrier 2337 and the distal end of applicator 2320.According to one embodiment of the invention use of a stretchable tissuebio-barrier 2337 and vacuum balance ensures that tissue bio-barrier 2337will conform to the distal side of cooling plate 2340 to prevent airbubbles from forming between tissue bio-barrier 2337 and the distal sideof cooling plate 2340. According to one embodiment of the inventionvacuum balance ensures that tissue bio-barrier 2337 is sealed to boththe distal end of applicator 2320 and the surface of skin engaged intissue chamber 2338, reducing or eliminating air pockets which can causeunwanted perturbations in the microwave field. According to oneembodiment of the invention vacuum balance ensures that tissuebio-barrier 2337 is sealed to both the distal side of cooling plate 2340and the surface of skin engaged in tissue chamber 2338, reducing oreliminating air pockets which can cause unwanted perturbations in themicrowave field.

According to one embodiment of the invention stretching tissuebio-barrier 2337 ensures that it lies flat against the distal end ofapplicator 2320. According to one embodiment of the invention tissuebio-barrier 2337 stretches to form a substantially wrinkleless interfacewith the distal end of applicator 2320. According to one embodiment ofthe invention stretching tissue bio-barrier 2337 creates an interferencefit between tissue bio-barrier 2337 and the distal end of applicator2320. According to one embodiment of the invention extending the distalend of applicator 2320 into tissue chamber 2338 stretches tissuebio-barrier 2337 and ensures an interference fit between tissuebio-barrier 2337 and the distal end of applicator 2320. According to oneembodiment of the invention applicator 2320 may be recessed into theapplicator chamber by up to approximately 0.020 inches. According to oneembodiment of the invention the distal end of applicator 2320 may extendbetween zero and 0.030 and preferably approximately 0.010 inches intotissue chamber 2338 to stretch tissue bio-barrier 2337 and create aninterference fit between the distal end of applicator 2320 and tissuebio-barrier 2337. According to one embodiment of the invention thecombination of an interference fit and vacuum in the applicator chamber2346 minimizes air pockets, folds and wrinkles which might otherwiseoccur in stretchable tissue bio-barrier 2337.

According to one embodiment of the invention biological fluids may beisolated from the generator 2301 by generator bio-barrier 2317.According to one embodiment of the invention biological fluids may beisolated from applicator 2320 by applicator bio-barrier 2332. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention biological fluids may be isolatedfrom applicator 2320 by tissue bio-barrier 2337. According to oneembodiment of the invention applicator bio-barrier 2332 providesisolation between tissue chamber 2338 and applicator 2320, allowing airto pass but preventing biological or other (e.g. KY Jelly) fluids fromreaching applicator 2320. According to one embodiment of the inventionvacuum baffles 2343 and circuitous path in vacuum circuit 2341 help toisolate biological or other fluids from applicator bio-barrier 2332.According to one embodiment of the invention the combination ofapplicator bio-barrier 2332, a circuitous path in vacuum circuit 2341,vacuum baffles 2343 and the placement of vacuum passages 2333 before thevacuum baffles 2343 prevent back pressure (which may happen, forexample, when the vacuum is terminated by venting the vacuum tube toatmospheric pressure) from forcing biological or other fluids into theapplicator chamber 2346. According to one embodiment of the inventionapplicator bio-barrier 2332 may be a hydrophobic filter available fromHarrington Plastics with a pore size of between approximately 0.1micrometer and 1.0 micrometers of approximately 0.45 micrometers.

According to one embodiment of the invention Applicator 2320 includes anumber of advantageous features. According to one embodiment of theinvention antenna array 2355 facilitates the creation of a large lesionor lesion region with a single placement of applicator 2320. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention antenna array 2355 facilitates thecreation of a lesion of up to approximately thirty millimeters byapproximately eight millimeters in cross section. According to oneembodiment of the invention the creation of contiguous lesions may befacilitated by rapidly switching microwave energy between waveguideantennas 2364 in antenna array 2355. According to one embodiment of theinvention the creation of non-contiguous lesions may be facilitated bythe application of microwave energy to selected waveguide antennas 2364in antenna array 2355. According to one embodiment of the invention thecreation of lesions under a portion of tissue interface surface 2336 maybe facilitated by the application of microwave energy to selectedwaveguide antennas 2364 in antenna array 2355. According to oneembodiment of the invention antenna array 2355 may be used toselectively develop lesions where the user wants them.

According to one embodiment of the invention generator 2301 includes anumber of advantageous features. According to one embodiment of theinvention generator 2301 will not initiate or will discontinue treatmentwhen it detects fault conditions such as, for example, when: energycable 2322 is not connected, one or more cooling plate thermocouples2395 or cooling path thermocouple 2326 are not connected; temperaturemeasured at one or more of cooling plate thermocouples 2395 exceeds apredetermined limit such as, for example 45 degrees centigrade; thetemperature measured at cooling path thermocouple 2326, which may beindicative of the temperature of coolant chamber 2360 exceeds apredetermined limit such as, for example 45 degrees centigrade; there isfault in amplifier 2306; reflected power exceeds a predetermined limit,such as, for example, 19.5 Watts. According to one embodiment of theinvention generator 2301 will not initiate or will discontinue treatmentwhen it detects fault conditions in the PWM servo circuit such as, forexample, when: power out of microwave chain 2403 is not maintainedwithin a predetermined window; power out of microwave chain 2403 is notset within 400 ms of command; power out of microwave chain 2403 is notmaintained within a predetermined range such as, for example plus orminus 13 Watts of requested power; the ratio of reflected to forwardpower measured at directional coupler 2406 exceeds a predeterminedlimit. According to one embodiment of the invention generator 2301 willnot initiate or will discontinue treatment when it detects faultconditions such as, for example, when: the rate of temperature increaseor decrease measured at one or more of cooling plate thermocouples 2395or cooling path thermocouple 2325 exceeds a predetermined limit; therate increase or decrease of temperature measured at one or more ofcooling plate thermocouples 2395 or cooling path thermocouples 2325exceeds a predetermined limit. According to one embodiment of theinvention generator 2301 may be capable of delivering output power inthe range of 40 to 100 Watts. According to one embodiment of theinvention generator 2301 may be capable of increasing or decreasingoutput power in increments of 5 Watts. According to one embodiment ofthe invention generator 2301 may be capable of maintaining an accuracyof plus or minus 3 Watts within the output power range. According to oneembodiment of the invention generator 2301 may be capable of maintainingan output frequency of 5.8 GHz plus or minus approximately 25 KHz.According to one embodiment of the invention chiller 2310 may be capableof controlling the temperature of cooling fluid 2361 within a range ofapproximately −5 to approximately 600 C with an accuracy ofapproximately plus or minus 2.50 C.

According to one embodiment of the invention the invention includes apatient positioning procedure According to one embodiment of a procedureaccording to the invention a patient may be positioned in a supineposition, using, for example, patient positioning apparatus 2492.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the invention apatient may be positioned by positioning the patient's arm to expose theaxilla, by, for example raising the patient's arm and placing thepatient's hand under their head. According to one embodiment of aprocedure according to the invention the user may identify, or generate,landmarks on the patient's axilla. According to one embodiment of aprocedure according to the invention such landmarks may be, for example,moles, freckles scars or other individual characteristics. According toone embodiment of a procedure according to the invention such landmarksmay be generated using, for example, a pen, permanent marker, a tattooor small sterile India ink mark.

According to one embodiment of the invention the invention includes atreatment roadmap. According to one embodiment of a procedure accordingto the invention once the patient is positioned and suitable landmarksare identified or generated, the landmarks may be used to create atreatment roadmap. According to one embodiment of the invention atreatment roadmap may be created using, for example, a template such as,for example, treatment template 2483. According to one embodiment of aprocedure according to the invention treatment template 2483 may be usedto identify the position of various roadmap elements of the treatmentregimen. According to one embodiment of a procedure according to theinvention treatment template 2483 may be used to mark roadmap elementsin the treatment region, such as, for example, the axilla with variouselements of the treatment region. According to one embodiment of aprocedure according to the invention such elements may include, forexample, one or more anesthesia injection sites 2485 and one or moredevice position sites 2487. According to one embodiment of a procedureaccording to the invention such elements may include, for example, oneor more anesthesia injection sites 2485 and one or more applicatorplacement mark 2489. According to one embodiment of a procedureaccording to the invention such elements may include, for example, oneor more anesthesia injection sites 2485 and one or more landmarkalignment marks 2491 (which may be, for example tattoo alignment marks).According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventiontreatment template 2483 may be positioned using identified or createdlandmarks in the treatment region prior to marking the position of theroadmap elements on the patient's skin. According to one embodiment of aprocedure according to the invention marks identifying the roadmapelements may be used to by the physician to guide the treatment regimen.

According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the invention insome instances, there may be a time period, such as, for example severalweeks, between treatments, sufficient to require the provision ofadditional anesthesia prior to continuing to treat a treatment region.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventionwhere there has been an event or a passage of time sufficient to removeor obliterate previously generated marks identifying the roadmapelements, it may be necessary to re-establish those marks, by, forexample, aligning treatment template 2483 with previously identified orgenerated landmarks and re-marking the skin using treatment template2483. According to one embodiment of a procedure according to theinvention photographs of the treatment region may be used to helpgenerate or align treatment template 2483 for subsequent treatments.

According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventiononce the entire treatment region has been treated, areas which requiretouch ups may be treated by, for example using a touch-up tool whichtreats only the areas which require touch up.

According to one embodiment of the invention the invention includes ananesthesia procedure. According to one embodiment of a procedureaccording to the invention treatment regimen may include anesthetizingat least a portion of the treatment region. According to one embodimentof a procedure according to the invention where the treatment regimenincludes anesthetizing the area to be treated, anesthesia injectionsites 2485 on treatment template 2483 may be used to identify and marklocations in the treatment region where anesthesia is to be injected.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventionsuitable anesthesia might include lidocaine or lidocaine withepinephrine. According to one embodiment of a procedure according to theinvention anesthesia may be injected into the subcutaneous layer.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventionsuitable lidocaine concentrations may include 2%, 3%, 4% or 5% solutionsof lidocaine. According to one embodiment of a procedure according tothe invention suitable epinephrine concentrations may include a 1 to100,000 solution. According to one embodiment of a procedure accordingto the invention suitable injection patterns may include ring block orinfiltrative patterns. According to one embodiment of a procedureaccording to the invention in one treatment, anesthesia consisting of 2%lidocaine with epinephrine in 1:100,000 concentration may be injectedinto the treatment region at maximum concentrations of approximately 0.4cc per square centimeter (1.2 cc per 3 square centimeters) of skinsurface in the treatment region. According to one embodiment of aprocedure according to the invention a suitable volume of anesthesia maybe approximately 0.3 cc per injection site for an applicator with anantenna array 2355 including four waveguide antennas 2364. According toone embodiment of a procedure according to the invention anesthesiainjection sites may be positioned under the center of the aperture ofwaveguide antennas 2364. According to one embodiment of a procedureaccording to the invention approximately 10 cc of anesthesia may be usedper axilla. According to one embodiment of a procedure according to theinvention approximately 20 cc of anesthesia may be used per axilla.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the invention aminimum concentration of anesthetic may be approximately 0.2 cc persquare centimeter or approximately 0.15 cc per injection site. Accordingto one embodiment of a procedure according to the invention in order tominimize the amount of fluid injected and, thus the changes to thetissue dielectric properties caused by the anesthesia, it may benecessary to utilize specialized anesthesia concentrations, such as, forexample 4% lidocaine with 1 to 100,000 concentration of epinephrine,which may reduce the total amount of anesthetic fluid used by, forexample, half. According to one embodiment of a procedure according tothe invention using additional anesthesia may spread the energy moreevenly across the target tissue, and may reduce the selectivity of theenergy by reducing the energy density in a given tissue region.

According to one embodiment of the invention the invention includes aprocedure for properly positioning an applicator 2320. According to oneembodiment of a procedure according to the invention the treatmentregimen may further include positioning the treatment apparatus such as,for example, applicator 2320 an disposable 2363 over an area to betreated in the treatment region, acquiring tissue in, for example tissuechamber 2338, using, for example, vacuum acquisition, treating theacquired tissue, by, for example, exposing it to microwave energy fromapplicator 2320, and releasing the acquired tissue, by, for exampleremoving vacuum pressure from tissue chamber 2338. According to oneembodiment of a procedure according to the invention the treatmentapparatus may, thereafter be moved to a new treatment area within thetreatment region and the procedure repeated as required until the areato be treated, or a defined subset thereof, has been treated. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention as the treatment apparatus is movedfrom position to position, the roadmap treatment marks may be used toalign the treatment apparatus over untreated tissue. According to oneembodiment of the invention roadmap treatment marks may also be used toensure that tissue in the treatment region is treated in a predeterminedsequence.

According to one embodiment of the invention the invention includes aprocedure for creating a lesion in a patient's skin. According to oneembodiment of a procedure according to the invention proper positioningof applicator 2320 may be important to obtaining the desired tissueeffect when energy is applied. According to one embodiment of aprocedure according to the invention when applicator 2320 and disposable2363 is placed against the skin surface, tissue may be acquired bypulling tissue into a tissue chamber 2338. According to one embodimentof a procedure according to the invention tissue acquisition may beaccomplished by, for example, creating a vacuum in tissue chamber 2338.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventiononce tissue is in tissue chamber 2338, microwave energy may be radiatedinto the tissue from the distal end of the treatment apparatus.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the invention atleast a portion of the radiated microwave energy may pass through theepidermis and dermis and, at least a portion of that microwave energymay reflect off of a critical interface in the skin, such as, forexample, the dermal-hypodermal interface or an interface between thedermis and a glandular region. According to one embodiment of aprocedure according to the invention as microwave energy is radiatedinto the acquired tissue and reflects off of the critical interface, astanding wave may be created which results in a peak SAR region in thedermis adjacent the critical interface. According to one embodiment of aprocedure according to the invention tissue in the peak SAR region willbe dielectrically heated, damaging or destroying tissue in the peak SARregion and generating heat which may be transmitted, through, forexample, conduction or radiation, to surrounding tissue, includingtissue which underlies the critical interface. According to oneembodiment of a procedure according to the invention his transmittedheat may act to damage or destroy structures, including, for example,sweat glands or hair follicles located in the path of the transmittedheat. According to one embodiment of a procedure according to theinvention the damage created by the transmitted heat may be augmented bydirect dielectric heating caused by transmission of microwave energyinto the damaged tissue. According to one embodiment of a procedureaccording to the invention tissue damage in the epidermis and upperlayers of the dermis resulting from, for example, the transmitted heat,may be reduced or eliminated by, for example, controlling thetemperature at the surface of the acquired tissue. According to oneembodiment of a procedure according to the invention the temperature ofthe acquired tissue may be controlled by, for example, passing a coolingfluid 2361 through the distal end of applicator 2320 adjacent thesurface of the acquired tissue. According to one embodiment of aprocedure according to the invention the temperature at the surface ofthe acquired tissue may be controlled by, for example, cooling the skinsurface prior to applying microwave energy, cooling the skin surface asmicrowave energy is applied or cooling the skin surface after microwaveenergy has been applied.

According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventionthe present procedure may be effective in creating desirable tissueeffects in many types of skin, including human, porcine and mammalian.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventionwhen treating mammals other than humans or when treating differentdiseases, conditions or treatment regions, the procedure may be modifiedby using a modified treatment template to create a treatment roadmap.

According to one embodiment of the invention the invention includes aprocedure for using a system according to the present invention.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the invention intreatments using the present system, various power, time and coolingtemperature settings and algorithms, as well as other variables, e.g.bio-barrier configurations, may be used to generate acceptable clinicaloutcomes. According to one embodiment of a procedure according to theinvention unacceptable clinical outcomes could include severe skindamage. According to one embodiment of a procedure according to theinvention there should be no clinically relevant long term damage to theepidermis or upper dermis of the treatment subject (e.g. human oranimal). According to one embodiment of a procedure according to theinvention severe skin damage may include severe burns and blistering ofthe skin. According to one embodiment of a procedure according to theinvention unacceptable clinical outcomes could include loss of physicalintegrity (i.e. ulcers or open sores which could lead to infection) orvisible scarring of the epidermal layer. According to one embodiment ofa procedure according to the invention unacceptable clinical outcomescould include aesthetic alteration of the skin which may include:displeasing appearance or texture changes to the treated sites which area direct result of the application of microwave energy, including,permanent aesthetically displeasing changes in coloration to treatmentsites and permanent aesthetically displeasing palpable changes in skintexture. According to one embodiment of a procedure according to theinvention aesthetic changes which appear at the time of treatment orthereafter which resolver with time may not be undesirable aestheticalterations. According to one embodiment of a procedure according to theinvention in treatments using the present system damage to fat isexpected but not at levels that will be detrimental to a treatmentsubject. According to one embodiment of a procedure according to theinvention unacceptable clinical outcomes could include damage to largeblood vessels and muscle.

According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventionafter treatments using the present system, apocrine glands (whenpresent) in the dermal/subdermal interface region of the treatment siteshould appear abnormal when compared to control tissue samples.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventionafter treatments using the present system, eccrine glands (when present)in the dermal/sub-dermal interface region of the treatment site shouldappear abnormal when compared to control tissue samples. According toone embodiment of a procedure according to the invention aftertreatments using the present system, gland structure should bestructurally modified. According to one embodiment of a procedureaccording to the invention after treatments using the present system,damage to hair follicles may be a desirable result as it may aid inpermanent hair removal.

According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventiontreatment is initiated by positioning applicator 2320 over tissue to betreated. According to one embodiment of a procedure according to theinvention treatment is continued by clicking start button 2464 toinitiate suction. According to one embodiment of a procedure accordingto the invention treatment is continued by acquiring tissue in chamber2338. According to one embodiment of a procedure according to theinvention treatment is continued by passing cooling fluid 2361 throughapplicator 2320, cooling tissue engaged in tissue chamber 2338.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventiontreatment is continued by delivering power for a predetermined time.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventiontreatment is continued by cycling microwave energy through waveguideantennas 2364 (including, in one embodiment. waveguide antennas 2364 a,2364 b, 2364 c and 2364 d). According to one embodiment of a procedureaccording to the invention treatment is continued by continuing to cooltissue engaged in tissue chamber 2338 for a predetermined post-coolperiod after power delivery is stopped. According to one embodiment of aprocedure according to the invention treatment is continued by releasingthe vacuum pressure in tissue chamber 2338 after post-cool is finished.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventiontreatment is continued by removing applicator 2320 and disposable 2363from the treatment site. According to one embodiment of a procedureaccording to the invention treatment is continued by, where a procedurecalls for additional treatment sites, moving applicator 2320 to the nextsite and repeating one or more of the previous steps. According to oneembodiment of a procedure according to the invention treatment iscontinued all intended sites have been treated.

According to one embodiment of the invention the invention includesprocedural elements. According to one embodiment of a procedureaccording to the invention key elements of the procedure may include theanesthesia used, the energy applied, the cooling applied, and the vacuumpressure applied. According to one embodiment of a procedure accordingto the invention procedural elements including, for example, anesthesiaused, the energy applied, the cooling applied, and the vacuum pressureapplied may be modified based upon patient characteristics such as, forexample, skin thickness.

According to one embodiment of the invention the invention includes aprocedure for applying energy to a treatment region within a patient.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventionenergy applied to tissue may be a function of the power radiated intothe tissue and the amount of time the power is on. According to oneembodiment of a procedure according to the invention the maximum energyradiated into the tissue may be the amount of energy necessary to createa desired lesion size without damaging other tissue. According to oneembodiment of a procedure according to the invention the minimum energyradiated into the tissue may be the amount of energy necessary to createthe desired lesion. According to one embodiment of a procedure accordingto the invention tissue effects, including unwanted tissue effects, maybe a function of energy per unit area. According to one embodiment of aprocedure according to the invention the more the energy is spread out,the less the tissue effect. According to one embodiment of a procedureaccording to the invention the maximum energy delivered to the skin maybe that energy which results in a lesion which does not extend into theepidermis. According to one embodiment of a procedure according to theinvention the maximum energy delivered to the skin may be that energywhich results in a lesion extending into the upper half of the dermis.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventionthe maximum energy delivered to the skin may be that energy whichresults in a lesion extending into the upper two-thirds of the dermis.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventionpower radiated into the tissue is a function of the power at the outputgenerator and the applicator loss, including loss in applicator cables.According to one embodiment of a procedure according to the inventionthe applicator loss may be, for example approximately fifty percent,such that only approximately fifty percent of the power emitted bygenerator 2301 is actually coupled into the skin (in an ideal orlossless applicator, the power radiated into the tissue is substantiallyequal to the power at the generator output). According to one embodimentof the invention in an applicator 2320 according to the presentinvention, loss is a function of many factors, such as, for example,cooling fluid 2361 composition, coolant chamber 2360 thickness, coolingplate 2340 composition and cooling plate 2340 thickness. In a system2309 according to an embodiment of the invention where the loss inapplicator 2320 is approximately 50 percent, a generator radiating 80Watts of microwave power for a period of between 2.5 and 3.5 secondswould be expected to couple approximately 100 joules into the dermis oftissue held in the distal end of the applicator. According to oneembodiment of the invention when in one embodiment of the invention thatmicrowave energy is radiated at a frequency of approximately 5.8Gigahertz through applicator 2320 with cooling fluid 2361 cooled to atemperature of approximately 15 degrees centigrade and circulatedthrough coolant chamber 2360 the treatment would be expected make adesirable lesion in the axilla of a human patient. In an embodiment of aprocedure according to the invention such a treatment would be expectedto damage or destroy at least the sweat glands, such as, for exampleapocrine glands or eccrine glands of a human patient without doingsignificant damage to skin outside a treatment zone. According to oneembodiment of the invention in a procedure using an applicator 2320 witha four antenna array 2355 and a post cool period of approximately twentyseconds, a one by three centimeter area may be treated in approximatelythirty five seconds.

According to one embodiment of the invention in a system 2309 wherethere is 2 dB of loss in the applicator cabling (which may consist of,for example a long, e.g. six foot, energy cable 2322, a antenna switch2357 and interconnect cables 2372), the signal from generator 2301 wouldbe expected to be reduced by approximately 37% before reaching waveguideantenna 2364. According to one embodiment of the invention in a system2309 where there is 2 dB of loss from the input of waveguide antenna2364 to the tissue engaged by tissue chamber 2338 as a result of, forexample, absorption by cooling fluid 2361 and stray emissions, thesignal from the input to waveguide antenna 2364 is reduced approximately37% between the input to waveguide antenna 2364 and the skin surface.According to one embodiment of the invention in a system 2309 with 2 dBof cable loss and 2 dB of applicator antenna to tissue loss, the signalpower is reduced approximately 60% between the generator 2301 output andthe tissue load. According to one embodiment of the invention, in asystem 2309 a generator 2301 output of 80 Watts would result inapproximately 32 Watts of microwave power being coupled into the tissuewhile a generator 2301 output of 60 Watts would result in approximately24 Watts of microwave power being coupled into the tissue and agenerator output of 55 Watts would result in approximately 22 Watts ofmicrowave power being coupled into the tissue. In a system 2309according to one embodiment of the invention the power reaching thetissue may be adjusted by modifying the elements, e.g. the cabling, inthe microwave circuit.

According to one embodiment of the invention the invention includes aprocedure for applying a vacuum to acquire tissue in a tissue chamber2338. According to one embodiment of the invention vacuum applied todisposable 2363 should be sufficient to engage skin in tissue chamber2338 of the applicator such that the tissue is flat against tissueinterface surface 2336 without damaging the tissue. According to oneembodiment of the invention, for a tissue chamber 2338 having a volumeof approximately one cubic inch TS and a tissue interface surface 2336having an area of approximately 3.8 square inches, a suitable vacuumpressure may be between approximately twelve and twenty-seven andpreferably approximately twenty inches of mercury, measured at theoutput of the vacuum pump. According to one embodiment of the inventionin order to ensure full acquisition of the tissue prior to applicationof energy to the applicator, the vacuum may be applied for a vacuumacquisition period prior to energy application. According to oneembodiment of the invention a suitable vacuum acquisition period may be,for example between two and three seconds. According to one embodimentof the invention a successful acquisition may be signaled by the absenceof vacuum sounds at the distal end of applicator 2320. According to oneembodiment of the invention successful vacuum acquisition may beindicated by an audible or visual signal from generator 2301. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention vacuum acquisition may further beused to create suction marks on the skin which will assist the user inidentifying regions which have been treated.

According to one embodiment of the invention, after applicator 2320stops delivering energy to tissue, vacuum pressure may be maintained tohold the tissue in tissue chamber 2338 for a predetermined period oftime. According to one embodiment of the invention the period of timemay, for example, be a post treatment cooling period where the tissue isheld against the cooling plate while cooling fluid continues tocirculate through the applicator. According to one embodiment of theinvention a suitable post cooling period may be between approximatelyzero and sixty seconds and preferably approximately twenty seconds.According to one embodiment of the invention a suitable post coolingperiod may be dictated by the amount of energy delivered to the tissue.According to one embodiment of the invention the generator may alsogenerate an audible or visual signal when the applicator is in the postcool phase so that the applicator is not removed prematurely.

According to one embodiment of the invention the invention includes aprocedure for delivering anesthesia prior to using a microwave treatmentapparatus on a patient. According to one embodiment of the inventiondelivery of anesthesia may affect decisions on how much energy todeliver to tissue since the anesthesia may absorb some of the radiatedenergy, preventing it from reaching the treatment zone. According to oneembodiment of the invention while anesthesia may be delivered using, forexample, injections with a syringe, alternative methods of deliveringanesthesia may include micro-needle arrays or iontophoretic devices.According to one embodiment of the invention anesthesia may also beinjected into the fat layer or in a manner which blocks all nervesensations in the treatment area, such as, for example, the axilla of ahuman patient.

According to one embodiment of the invention the invention includes amethod of measuring skin thickness. According to one embodiment of theinvention skin thickness in the treatment region may also effect theamount of energy which should be delivered to get the required tissueeffect. According to one embodiment of the invention thicker skin mayrequire more energy to treat properly. According to one embodiment ofthe invention one way to measure the thickness of the skin in aparticular region is to apply microwave energy through the skin surfaceand monitor the temperature at the skin surface. According to oneembodiment of the invention in particular, the slope of the increase intemperature may provide an indication of the thickness of the skinunderlying the applicator. According to one embodiment of the inventionfor example, a short burst of microwave energy prior to treating tissuemay be used to provide an indication of skin thickness by looking at theskin temperature response to that burst and the skin temperatureresponse may be used to modify the amount of energy delivered by, forexample, increasing the amount of treatment energy delivered if the skintemperature response is relatively slow.

According to one embodiment of the invention the invention includes atreatment template. In performing a procedure according to oneembodiment of the invention the user may create the roadmap using, forexample, treatment template 2483. According to one embodiment of theinvention when treating the axilla, for example, the user may employ atreatment template 2483 designed for use in the axilla region. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention such a template would be selected tofit the axilla of the patient, the approximate size of the axilla andmay be selected from an assortment of templates by, for example, usingthe length and width of the axilla or hair bearing area of the axilla asa selection criteria. According to one embodiment of the inventionsuitable template for use in the axilla may be oval or pear shaped.

According to one embodiment of the invention in addition to using theaxilla size and shape to select appropriate treatment templates 2483,the characteristic of the axilla or any treatment region may be used toselect appropriate applicators 2320 or to select appropriate firingalgorithms for waveguide antennas 2364 in a particular applicator orantenna array.

According to one embodiment of the invention the invention includes amethod of using a lubricant on the skin of a patient to facilitate theacquisition of tissue. According to one embodiment of the invention aprocedure may include the use of a lubricant (such as, for example K-YJelly) on the skin to assist in acquisition. According to one embodimentof the invention a procedure may include use of lubricants to reducefriction as the skin is pulled into tissue chamber 2338. According toone embodiment of the invention a procedure may include use oflubricants to equalize force on tissue around tissue chamber 2338.According to one embodiment of the invention a procedure may include useof lubricants to assist in ensuring that targeted tissue is acquired ina manner which appropriately positions the target tissue in tissuechamber 2338. According to one embodiment of the invention a proceduremay include use of lubricants may reduce the size and duration ofsuction marks. According to one embodiment of the invention a proceduremay include use of lubricants to reduce the size of air pockets betweenthe surface of skin positioned in tissue chamber 2338 and tissueinterface surface 2336.

According to one embodiment of the invention the invention includes thetreatment of a number of indications. According to one embodiment of theinvention a method of reducing sweat is described. According to oneembodiment of the invention a method of reducing sweat production in apatient is described. According to one embodiment of the invention amethod of treating axillary hyperhidrosis is described. According to oneembodiment of the invention a method of treating hyperhidrosis isdescribed. According to one embodiment of the invention a method ofremoving hair is described. According to one embodiment of the inventiona method of preventing the re-growth of hair is described. According toone embodiment of the invention, a method of treating osmidrosis isdescribed. According to one embodiment of the invention, a method ofdenervating tissue is described. According to one embodiment of theinvention, a method of treating port wine stains is described. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention, a method of treating hemangiomas isdescribed. According to one embodiment of the invention, a method oftreating psoriasis is described. According to one embodiment of theinvention, a method of reducing sweat is described. According to oneembodiment of the invention, a method of reducing sweat is described. Inembodiments of the invention, electromagnetic energy is used to treatacne. According to one embodiment of the invention, a method of treatingsebaceous glands is described. According to one embodiment of theinvention, a method of destroying bacteria is described. According toone embodiment of the invention, a method of destroyingpropionibacterium is described. According to one embodiment of theinvention, a method of treating reducing inflammation is described.

According to one embodiment of the invention electromagnetic energy maybe used to reduce sweat. According to one embodiment of the inventionelectromagnetic energy may be used to reduce sweat production in apatient. According to one embodiment of the invention electromagneticenergy may be used to treat axillary hyperhidrosis. According to oneembodiment of the invention electromagnetic energy may be used to treathyperhidrosis. According to one embodiment of the inventionelectromagnetic energy may be used to remove hair. According to oneembodiment of the invention electromagnetic energy may be used toprevent the re-growth of hair. According to one embodiment of theinvention electromagnetic energy may be used to treat osmidrosis.According to one embodiment of the invention, electromagnetic energy maybe used to denervate tissue. According to one embodiment of theinvention electromagnetic energy may be used to treat port wine stains.According to one embodiment of the invention electromagnetic energy maybe used to treat hemangiomas. According to one embodiment of theinvention electromagnetic energy may be used to treat psoriasis.According to one embodiment of the invention electromagnetic energy maybe used to reduce sweat. In embodiments of the invention,electromagnetic energy may be used to treat acne. In embodiments of theinvention, electromagnetic energy may be used to treat sebaceous glands.In embodiments of the invention, electromagnetic energy may be used todestroy bacteria. In embodiments of the invention, electromagneticenergy may be used to destroy propionibacterium. In embodiments of theinvention, electromagnetic energy may be used to clear sebum from a hairfollicle. In embodiments of the invention, electromagnetic energy may beused to clear obstructed hair follicles. In embodiments of theinvention, electromagnetic energy may be used to reverse comedogenesis.In embodiments of the invention, electromagnetic energy may be used toclear blackheads. In embodiments of the invention, electromagneticenergy may be used to clear whiteheads. In embodiments of the invention,electromagnetic energy may be used to reducing inflammation. Inembodiments of the invention, electromagnetic energy may be used to heatfat. In embodiments of the invention, electromagnetic energy may be usedto reduce cellulite.

According to one embodiment of the invention a disposable medicalapparatus is described which includes: a tissue chamber positioned at adistal end of the disposable member; an applicator chamber positioned ata proximal end of the disposable member; a tissue bio-barrier separatingthe tissue chamber and the applicator interface; and a vacuum circuitconnecting the tissue chamber and the applicator chamber. According toone embodiment of the invention a tissue chamber may include: a tissueinterface surface, the tissue interface surface comprising: vacuumchannels surrounding the tissue bio-barrier; vacuum ports in flowcommunication with the vacuum channels and the vacuum circuit; andchamber walls surrounding the tissue chamber. According to oneembodiment of the invention chamber walls further include a compliantmember. According to one embodiment of the invention the compliantmember has a height of between approximately 0.15 inches andapproximately 0.25 inches. According to one embodiment of the inventionthe compliant member has a height of approximately 0.25 inches.According to one embodiment of the invention the chamber walls furtherinclude a lubricant coating at least a portion of the chamber walls.According to one embodiment of the invention the lubricant is selectedfrom the group consisting of: silicone oil, Teflon, paralene or othersuitable coating material to ease acquisition of tissue. According toone embodiment of the invention the applicator chamber includes: anapplicator interface surface wherein the applicator interface surfacesurrounds the tissue bio-barrier; applicator interface walls surroundingthe applicator interface surface; and a vacuum seal at a proximal end ofthe applicator chamber, the vacuum seal being positioned to hermeticallyseal the applicator chamber when an applicator is positioned in theapplicator chamber. According to one embodiment of the invention theapplicator chamber has a depth sufficient to receive and engage anapplicator such that a distal end of the applicator contacts the tissuebio-barrier, creating an interference fit between the distal end of theapplicator and the tissue bio-barrier. According to one embodiment ofthe invention the applicator chamber has a depth sufficient to ensurethat an applicator positioned in the applicator chamber moves thebio-barrier between approximately 0.001 inches and approximately 0.030inches into the tissue chamber. According to one embodiment of theinvention the applicator chamber has a depth sufficient to ensure thatan applicator positioned in the applicator chamber moves the bio-barrierapproximately 0.010 inches into the tissue chamber. According to oneembodiment of the invention the applicator chamber has a depthsufficient to receive and engage an applicator such that a distal end ofthe applicator contacts the tissue bio-barrier, creating an interferencefit between the distal end of the applicator and the tissue bio-barrierwhen tissue is positioned in the tissue chamber. According to oneembodiment of the invention the tissue bio-barrier is flexible.According to one embodiment of the invention the tissue bio-barrier is afilm. According to one embodiment of the invention the tissuebio-barrier has a thickness of between 0.0001 inches and approximately0.030 inches. According to one embodiment of the invention the tissuebio-barrier has a thickness of approximately 0.0005 inches. According toone embodiment of the invention the vacuum circuit includes: a mainvacuum channel, the main vacuum passage being in flow communication withthe applicator chamber; vacuum ports in flow communication with both themain vacuum channel and the tissue chamber. According to one embodimentof the invention the vacuum circuit further includes: a vacuum connectorin flow communication with the main vacuum channel; an applicatorbio-barrier positioned between the main vacuum channel and theapplicator chamber. According to one embodiment of the invention theapplicator bio-barrier is positioned on a first side of the disposablemedical apparatus and the vacuum connector is positioned on a secondside of the disposable medical apparatus. According to one embodiment ofthe invention the main vacuum channel includes a tortuous path betweenthe vacuum connector and the applicator bio-barrier. According to oneembodiment of the invention the main vacuum channel further includesvacuum baffles positioned adjacent the applicator bio-barrier. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention the vacuum ports contact the mainvacuum channel between the vacuum connector and the vacuum baffles.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the invention includes amethod of balancing vacuum pressure in a medical treatment device,wherein the medical treatment device includes an applicator and adisposable, the disposable comprising a tissue chamber and an applicatorchamber separated by a flexible tissue bio-barrier, the methodcomprising the steps of: positioning an applicator in the applicatorchamber such that the applicator seals an applicator chamber opening;positioning tissue adjacent the tissue chamber such that the tissue atleast partially seals a tissue chamber opening; drawing air from thetissue chamber; and drawing air from the applicator chamber. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention a method of balancing vacuum pressurein a medical treatment device the method further including the step ofpositioning the applicator in the applicator chamber such that a distalend of the applicator forms an interference fit with the tissuebio-barrier. According to one embodiment of the invention a method ofbalancing vacuum pressure in a medical treatment device method furtherincluding the step of: positioning the applicator in the applicatorchamber such that a distal end of the applicator stretches the tissuebio-barrier into the tissue chamber. According to one embodiment of theinvention a method of balancing vacuum pressure in a medical treatmentdevice further including the step of stretching the tissue bio-barrierinto the tissue chamber a distance of between approximately 0.001 inchesand approximately 0.030 inches. According to one embodiment of theinvention a method of balancing vacuum pressure in a medical treatmentdevice further including the step of stretching the tissue bio-barrierinto the tissue chamber a distance of approximately 0.010 inches.According to one embodiment of the invention a method of balancingvacuum pressure in a medical treatment device wherein the step ofdrawing air from an applicator chamber includes the step of drawing airthrough a bio-barrier.

According to one embodiment of the invention a method of creating alesion in a region of skin tissue below a first region of the dermisusing a medical treatment device, wherein the medical treatment deviceincludes an applicator, the applicator including a cooling plate, and adisposable, the disposable including a tissue chamber and an applicatorchamber separated by a flexible tissue bio-barrier, the method includingthe steps of: positioning the applicator in the applicator chamber suchthat the applicator seals an applicator chamber opening; positioning theskin tissue adjacent the tissue chamber such that the tissue at leastpartially seals a tissue chamber opening; drawing air from the tissuechamber; drawing air from the applicator chamber to pull the tissue intothe applicator chamber; transmitting electromagnetic energy through thecooling plate and the tissue bio-barrier. According to one embodiment ofthe invention a method of balancing vacuum pressure in a medicaltreatment device the method further including the step of positioningthe applicator in the applicator chamber such that a distal end of theapplicator forms an interference fit with the tissue bio-barrier.According to one embodiment of the invention a method of balancingvacuum pressure in a medical treatment device the method furtherincluding the step of positioning the applicator in the applicatorchamber such that a distal end of the applicator stretches the tissuebio-barrier into the tissue chamber. According to one embodiment of theinvention a method of balancing vacuum pressure in a medical treatmentdevice further including the step of stretching the tissue bio-barrierinto the tissue chamber a distance of between approximately 0.001 inchesand approximately 0.030 inches. According to one embodiment of theinvention a method of balancing vacuum pressure in a medical treatmentdevice further including the step of stretching the tissue bio-barrierinto the tissue chamber a distance of approximately 0.010 inches.According to one embodiment of the invention a method of balancingvacuum pressure in a medical treatment device the method furtherincluding the step of positioning the applicator in the applicatorchamber such that a distal end of the applicator forms an interferencefit with the tissue bio-barrier. According to one embodiment of theinvention a method of balancing vacuum pressure in a medical treatmentdevice wherein the step of drawing air from an applicator chamberincludes the step of drawing air through a bio-barrier.

According to one embodiment of the invention an energy transmissionapplicator is described including: a disposable interface at a distalend of the applicator, the disposable interface including a disposableengagement mechanism; an antenna structure including at least oneantenna aperture arranged to transmit energy through the distal end ofthe applicator; and a cooling circuit including a cooling plate, whereinat least a portion of the cooling circuit is positioned between theantenna and the distal end of the applicator. According to oneembodiment of the invention the antenna includes: a plurality ofantennas; a distribution element arranged to transmit the energy to theplurality of antennas. According to one embodiment of the invention thedistribution element includes a microwave switch. According to oneembodiment of the invention the distribution element includes a powersplitter. According to one embodiment of the invention the energytransmission applicator further includes a scattering element positionedbetween the aperture and the distal end of the applicator. According toone embodiment of the invention the cooling circuit further includes acooling chamber positioned between the antenna aperture and a proximalside of the cooling plate. According to one embodiment of the inventionat least a portion of the cooling circuit is positioned between theantenna and the distal end of the applicator. According to oneembodiment of the invention the waveguide assembly includes: a pluralityof waveguide antennas positioned in an antenna cradle; a distributionelement arranged to transmit the energy to the plurality of antennas.According to one embodiment of the invention the distribution elementincludes a microwave switch. According to one embodiment of theinvention the distribution element includes a power splitter. Accordingto one embodiment of the invention the energy transmission applicatorfurther includes a plurality of scattering elements positioned betweenthe apertures and the distal end of the applicator. According to oneembodiment of the invention the cooling circuit further includes coolingchambers positioned between the antenna apertures and a proximal side ofthe cooling plate. According to one embodiment of the invention thewaveguide assembly includes: a plurality of waveguide antennaspositioned in an antenna cradle; a distribution element arranged totransmit the energy to the plurality of antennas. According to oneembodiment of the invention the cooling circuit further includes coolingpassages in the antenna cradle, the cooling passages being connected tothe cooling chambers. According to one embodiment of the invention thewaveguide assembly includes: a plurality of waveguide antennas; and aplurality of isolation elements positioned between the antennas.According to one embodiment of the invention the waveguide assemblyfurther includes a first isolation element positioned at a first end ofthe waveguide assembly and a second isolation element positioned at asecond end of the waveguide assembly. According to one embodiment of theinvention the isolation elements comprise a shim of microwave absorptionmaterial. According to one embodiment of the invention the isolationelements comprise a microwave choke. According to one embodiment of theinvention the waveguide antenna includes: an inner dielectric; an outershell surrounding the inner dielectric on every side except theaperture. According to one embodiment of the invention the cooling plateincludes: a proximal surface a distal surface; one or more thermocouplegrooves in the distal surface; and one or more thermocouples positionedin the thermocouple grooves. According to one embodiment of theinvention the thermocouple grooves are arranged parallel to an E-Fieldemitted by the waveguide assembly when the transmitted energy ismicrowave energy. According to one embodiment of the invention themicrowave energy is transmitted in a TE10 mode.

According to one embodiment of the invention a method is described forcooling tissue using an energy transmission applicator including anantenna aperture and a cooling plate, the cooling plate having aproximal surface and a distal surface and being positioned at a distalend of the energy transmission applicator and the antenna aperture beingpositioned in the energy transmission applicator proximal to the coolingplate, the method including the steps of: engaging tissue in the energytransmission applicator adjacent the cooling plate; applying energy tothe tissue, the energy passing through the cooling plate; and passingcooling fluid between the antenna aperture and a proximal surface of thecooling plate.

According to one embodiment of the invention method of distributingelectromagnetic energy to tissue is described, the method including thesteps of: radiating energy from an antenna aperture; radiating energythrough cooling fluid wherein the cooling fluid flows through a coolingchamber beneath the aperture; radiating energy past scattering elementspositioned in the cooling chamber; radiating energy through a coolingplate positioned opposite the aperture; radiating energy through atissue bio-barrier on a distal side of the cooling plate.

According to one embodiment of the invention a method of supplyingenergy to an antenna array is described, the method including the stepsof: supplying electromagnetic energy to a switch positioned in theapplicator wherein the switch is connected to one or more waveguideantennas; supplying the electromagnetic energy through the switch to afirst waveguide antenna for a predetermined period of time; supplyingthe electromagnetic energy through the switch to a second waveguideantenna for a predetermined period of time without repositioning theapplicator. According to one embodiment of the invention a method ofsupplying energy to an antenna array wherein the first and the secondwaveguide antennas are adjacent to each other. According to oneembodiment of the invention a method of supplying energy to an antennaarray is described, the method including the steps of: supplyingelectromagnetic energy to an applicator including a power splitterwherein the power splitter is connected to one or more waveguideantennas; continuously connecting the power splitter to at least two ofthe one or more waveguide antennas; without repositioning theapplicator; maintaining the energy supply to a single antenna for apredetermined period of time.

According to one embodiment of the invention microwave chain controlcircuitry for use in a medical device microwave generator is describedthe control circuitry including: a directional coupler coupled to anoutput of the microwave chain; power detectors coupled to thedirectional coupler, the power detectors including a forward powerdetector and a reverse power detector, the power detectors including aattenuators and detector diodes; a forward power lookup table coupled tothe forward power detector, the forward lookup table including datacorrelated to the characteristics of the forward power detector; areverse power lookup table coupled to the reverse power detector, thereverse power lookup table including data correlated to thecharacteristics of the reverse power detector; a duty cycle circuitcoupled to the forward power lookup table wherein the duty cycle circuitis coupled to a switch in the microwave chain, the switch being adaptedto control the duty cycle of an input signal to an amplifier in themicrowave chain.

According to one embodiment of the invention a method of controllingoutput power from a microwave chain in a medical device microwavegenerator is described, the method including the steps of: detecting aforward power signal at an output of the microwave chain; feeding theforward power signal into a forward power lookup table, the forwardpower lookup table including correlation data based upon the electricalcharacteristics of the forward power detector; modifying the forwardpower signal according to the correlation data; feeding the modifiedforward power signal to a duty cycle circuit wherein the duty cyclecircuit is adapted to control the duty cycle of an input signal to anamplifier in the microwave chain.

According to one embodiment of the invention a patient support apparatusis described including: a center support; first and second arm supportsconnected to the center portion at a first predetermined angle ofbetween approximately fifteen degrees an approximately thirty-fivedegrees. According to one embodiment of the invention the firstpredetermined angle is approximately twenty-five degrees.

According to one embodiment of the invention a treatment template isdescribed including: a flexible transparent base, the flexibletransparent base including: one or more treatment region outlinesprinted on the base; a plurality of anesthesia equally spaced injectionsites printed on the base; a plurality of template positioning marksprinted on the base; a plurality of applicator placement marks printedon the base.

According to one embodiment of the invention a method of treatinghyperhidrosis in a patient is described including: positioning thepatient on a patient support apparatus; aligning a treatment template toland marks on the patients axilla; marking anesthesia injection sites onthe patients axilla; marking applicator positioning sites on thepatients axilla; aligning an applicator with the applicator positioningsites; applying cooling to the patients axilla; applying energy to thepatients axilla; switching energy through a plurality of antennas in theapplicator; removing the applicator and moving the applicator to asecond treatment site using the alignment markings.

The foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles ofthe invention. Furthermore, since numerous modifications and changeswill readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired tolimit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown anddescribed. While the preferred embodiment has been described, thedetails may be changed without departing from the invention, which isdefined by the claims.

1. A disposable medical apparatus for use with an applicator whichradiates microwave energy, said disposable medical apparatus comprising:a tissue chamber at a distal end of said disposable medical apparatus,said tissue chamber including a flexible member positioned at a distalend thereof, said flexible member being adapted to form a vacuum sealwhen positioned against skin; an applicator chamber at a proximal end ofsaid disposable member; a flexible film forming a tissue bio-barrier,said tissue bio-barrier separating said tissue chamber and saidapplicator chamber, said tissue bio-barrier being a material which issubstantially transparent to microwave energy, and substantiallyimpermeable to air and biological fluids; an hydrophobic membrane filterforming an applicator bio-barrier separating air in said tissue chamberfrom air in said applicator chamber, said applicator bio-barrier beingsubstantially permeable to air but substantially impermeable tobiological fluids; and a vacuum circuit connecting said tissue chamberand said applicator chamber, wherein said applicator bio-barrier ispositioned in said vacuum circuit; a vacuum seal at a proximal end ofsaid applicator chamber, said vacuum seal being positioned to seal saidapplicator chamber when an applicator is positioned in said applicatorchamber.
 2. A disposable medical apparatus according to claim 1, whereinsaid tissue bio-barrier does not perturb microwave fields passingthrough said tissue bio-barrier.
 3. A disposable medical apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein said tissue bio-barrier is substantiallylossless at a frequency of interest.
 4. A disposable medical apparatusaccording to claim 3, wherein said frequency of interest is betweenapproximately 5 GHz and 6.5 GHz.
 5. A disposable medical apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein said tissue bio-barrier has a Young'smodulus of between approximately 0.1 GPa and 1.5 GPa.
 6. A disposablemedical apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said vacuum circuitprovides a substantially free flow of air from said applicator chamberto said tissue chamber.
 7. A disposable medical apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein said tissue bio-barrier is less than approximately0.001 inches thick.
 8. A disposable medical apparatus according to claim1, wherein the tissue bio-barrier comprises a dielectric material.
 9. Adisposable medical apparatus, comprising: a member defining a tissuechamber at a distal end and an applicator chamber at a proximal end;said tissue chamber including a flexible member positioned around adistal end thereof; a tissue bio-barrier separating said tissue chamberand said applicator chamber said tissue bio-barrier being substantiallyimpermeable to air and biological fluids; a vacuum circuit connectingsaid tissue chamber and said applicator chamber; and an applicatorbio-barrier disposed in said vacuum circuit, said applicator bio-barrierbeing substantially permeable to air but substantially impermeable tobiological fluids.
 10. A disposable medical apparatus according to claim9, wherein said tissue bio-barrier does not perturb microwave fieldspassing through said tissue bio-barrier.
 11. A disposable medicalapparatus according to claim 9, wherein said tissue bio-barriercomprises a film.
 12. A disposable medical apparatus according to claim9, wherein said tissue bio-barrier is substantially lossless at afrequency of interest.
 13. A disposable medical apparatus according toclaim 12, wherein said frequency of interest is between approximately 5GHz and 6.5 GHz.
 14. A disposable medical apparatus according to claim9, wherein said tissue bio-barrier has a Young's modulus of betweenapproximately 0.1 GPa and 1.5 GPa.
 15. A disposable medical apparatusaccording to claim 9, wherein said vacuum circuit provides asubstantially free flow of air from said applicator chamber to saidtissue chamber when said applicator chamber is connected to anapplicator and tissue is engaged in said tissue chamber.
 16. Adisposable medical apparatus according to claim 9, wherein saidapplicator bio-barrier comprises a hydrophobic membrane.
 17. Adisposable medical apparatus, comprising: a tissue chamber positioned ata distal end of said disposable member; an applicator chamber positionedat a proximal end of said disposable member; and a tissue bio-barrierseparating said tissue chamber and said applicator interface.
 18. Adisposable medical apparatus according to claim 17, wherein said tissuechamber comprises: a tissue interface surface, said tissue interfacesurface comprising: vacuum channels surrounding said tissue bio-barrier;vacuum ports in flow communication with said vacuum channels and saidvacuum circuit; and chamber walls surrounding said tissue chamber.
 19. Adisposable medical apparatus according to claim 18, wherein saidapplicator chamber comprises: an applicator interface surface whereinsaid applicator interface surface surrounds said tissue bio-barrier;applicator interface walls surrounding said applicator interfacesurface; and a vacuum seal at a proximal end of said applicator chamber,said vacuum seal being positioned to hermetically seal said applicatorchamber when an applicator is positioned in said applicator chamber. 20.A disposable medical apparatus according to claim 17, wherein saidtissue bio-barrier is flexible.
 21. A disposable medical apparatusaccording to claim 19, wherein said chamber walls further include acompliant member at a distal end of said tissue chamber and surroundingsaid tissue chamber.
 22. A disposable medical apparatus according toclaim 19, wherein said compliant member has a height of betweenapproximately 0.15 inches and approximately 0.25 inches.
 23. Adisposable medical apparatus according to claim 17, wherein saidapparatus includes a vacuum circuit connecting said applicator andtissue chambers, said vacuum circuit including a bio-barrier to preventliquids contamination from the tissue chamber into the applicatorchamber while permitting free flow of air.
 24. A method of balancingvacuum pressure in a disposable medical apparatus, wherein saiddisposable medical apparatus comprises a tissue chamber and anapplicator chamber separated by a flexible tissue bio-barrier andcommunicating through a passage including an applicator bio-barrier,said method comprising the steps of: positioning an applicator in saidapplicator chamber such that said applicator seals an applicator chamberopening; positioning tissue adjacent said tissue chamber such that saidtissue at least partially seals a tissue chamber opening; and drawingair from said tissue chamber and drawing air from said applicatorchamber.
 25. A method of balancing vacuum pressure according to claim24, wherein said step of drawing air from an applicator chamber and atissue chamber includes the step of drawing air through said applicatorbio-barrier.
 26. A method of balancing vacuum pressure according toclaim 25, wherein said tissue bio-barrier comprises a material which issubstantially impermeable to air and biological fluids and saidapplicator bio-barrier comprises a material which is substantiallypermeable to air and impermeable to biological fluids.
 27. A method ofbalancing vacuum pressure according to claim 26, wherein said tissuebio-barrier is, when subjected to microwave energy, substantiallylossless in a range of frequencies between 5 GHz and 6.5 GHz
 28. Amethod of balancing vacuum pressure according to claim 26, furthercomprising transmitting microwave energy originating from within theapplicator chamber, wherein said tissue barrier does not perturbmicrowave fields passing through said tissue bio-barrier.
 29. A methodof balancing vacuum pressure according to claim 26, wherein said tissuebio-barrier is a dielectric material which is substantially transparentto microwave energy.
 30. A method of balancing vacuum pressure accordingto claim 26, wherein said tissue bio-barrier is less than approximately0.001 inches thick.